Abstract
ABSTRACT The Roridulaceae–Sarraceniaceae (RS) clade within Ericales exhibits strikingly divergent carnivorous strategies. To investigate how these differences shape plastid genome (plastome) evolution, we analyzed four representative species: Roridula gorgonias (Roridulaceae), which absorbs nutrients from insect feces without digestive enzymes; and three pitfall trap Sarraceniaceae species— Heliamphora minor (relying on microbial decomposition), Darlingtonia californica (with digestive enzymes, lacking endocytosis), and Sarracenia leucophylla (with digestive enzymes and endocytosis). Across RS species, ndh genes frequently exhibit severely disrupted or completely lost open reading frames (ORFs). Compared with Sarraceniaceae species exhibiting greater degrees of carnivorous specialization, Roridula gorgonias plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution, including partial loss of the clpP gene, frequent insertion events, elevated nonsynonymous ( d N ) and synonymous ( d S ) substitution rates, widespread relaxation of purifying selection, multiple sites under positive selection across plastome genes, and reduced RNA editing efficiency at conserved codons. In contrast, variation in digestive traits and endocytotic capability among Sarraceniaceae species corresponds to only subtle plastome‐level differences, with limited changes in GC content, gene number, and evolutionary rates. These results indicate that plastome evolution within the RS clade is not predicted by the degree of carnivorous specialization alone, but instead is best explained by context‐dependent effects of trophic strategy and other ecological pressures. In Roridula gorgonias , the pronounced plastome dynamics likely reflect the combined influence of carnivory and recurrent wildfire stress in nutrient‐poor habitats, thereby facilitating the accumulation of higher mutational loads.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
ndh reading frames were frequently disrupted or lost across the clade.
- Taxon
- Roridulaceae–SarraceniaceaeSarraceniaceaeRoridulaceaet0
- Gene
- ndh genese0
- Outcome
- severely disrupted or completely lost open reading framese0
Verbatim
e0“Across RS species, ndh genes frequently exhibit severely disrupted or completely lost open reading frames (ORFs)”
t0“Roridulaceae–Sarraceniaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
Roridula gorgonias plastomes showed accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution relative to Sarraceniaceae.
- Taxon
- Roridula gorgonias
Roridula gorgoniase0 - Outcome
- plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolutione0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- Sarraceniaceae speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with Sarraceniaceae species exhibiting greater degrees of carnivorous specialization, Roridula gorgonias plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution”
Claim · model-written summary
Roridula gorgonias showed partial clpP loss and frequent insertions.
- Taxon
- Roridula gorgoniasRoridula gorgoniase0
- Gene
- clpP genee0
- Outcome
- partial loss of the clpP gene, frequent insertion eventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roridula gorgonias plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution, including partial loss of the clpP gene, frequent insertion events”
Claim · model-written summary
Roridula gorgonias showed elevated nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates.
- Taxon
- Roridula gorgoniasRoridula gorgoniase0
- Outcome
- nonsynonymous ( d N ) and synonymous ( d S ) substitution ratese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roridula gorgonias plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution, including partial loss of the clpP gene, frequent insertion events, elevated nonsynonymous ( d N ) and synonymous ( d S ) substitution rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Roridula gorgonias showed widespread relaxed purifying selection and multiple positively selected sites.
- Taxon
- Roridula gorgoniasRoridula gorgoniase0
- Outcome
- widespread relaxation of purifying selection, multiple sites under positive selectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roridula gorgonias plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution, including partial loss of the clpP gene, frequent insertion events, elevated nonsynonymous ( d N ) and synonymous ( d S ) substitution rates, widespread relaxation of purifying selection, multiple sites under positive selection across plastome genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Roridula gorgonias had reduced RNA editing efficiency at conserved codons.
- Taxon
- Roridula gorgoniasRoridula gorgoniase0
- Outcome
- RNA editing efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roridula gorgonias plastomes exhibit markedly accelerated and structurally dynamic evolution, including partial loss of the clpP gene, frequent insertion events, elevated nonsynonymous ( d N ) and synonymous ( d S ) substitution rates, widespread relaxation of purifying selection, multiple sites under positive selection across plastome genes, and reduced RNA editing efficiency at conserved codons”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestive and endocytotic variation among Sarraceniaceae corresponded to subtle plastome differences in GC content, gene number and evolutionary rates.
- Taxon
- Sarraceniaceae speciesSarraceniaceaee0
- Treatment
- variation in digestive traits and endocytotic capabilitye0
- Outcome
- GC content, gene number, and evolutionary ratese0
- Direction
- limited changese0
Verbatim
e0“variation in digestive traits and endocytotic capability among Sarraceniaceae species corresponds to only subtle plastome‐level differences, with limited changes in GC content, gene number, and evolutionary rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret plastome evolution as associated with trophic strategy and ecological pressures.
- Taxon
- Roridulaceae–SarraceniaceaeSarraceniaceaeRoridulaceaet0
- Treatment
- trophic strategy and other ecological pressurese0
- Outcome
- plastome evolutione0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“plastome evolution within the RS clade is not predicted by the degree of carnivorous specialization alone, but instead is best explained by context‐dependent effects of trophic strategy and other ecological pressures”
t0“Roridulaceae–Sarraceniaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest Roridula plastome dynamics reflect carnivory and wildfire stress.
- Taxon
- Roridula gorgoniasRoridula gorgoniase0
- Outcome
- pronounced plastome dynamicse0
- Qualifier
- combined influence of carnivory and recurrent wildfire stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Roridula gorgonias , the pronounced plastome dynamics likely reflect the combined influence of carnivory and recurrent wildfire stress in nutrient‐poor habitats”