Abstract
This study explores the combined effects of biochar and boron on chickpea growth, soil chemistry and nutrient composition offering a novel approach to sustainable agriculture. A controlled experiment was conducted using biochar derived from poultry litter at four doses (0%, 2%, 4%, and 8%) and boron supplementation at three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg kg− 1 boron). Growth attributes, soil chemistry, macro and micro nutrient status and heavy metals accumulation were determined in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium uptake were promoted with higher biochar doses by 20.2%, 16.6%, 20.2% and 25% over control, respectively. Similarly, boron and copper picked with 8% of biochar, while nickel had the highest value with 2% of it. Boron treatments increased magnesium and manganese uptake, whereas they reduced calcium and copper accumulations in plant tissues. biochar inhibited lead, chromium and aluminum absorption at low doses (2%), but increased at higher doses. The highest phosphorus concentration (2458 mg kg⁻¹) was observed with 8% biochar, while magnesium and potassium contents increased by 28.9% and 15.6%, respectively. Principal component analysis showed strong positive correlations between heavy metal uptake and biochar application, highlighting potential shifts in bioavailability. Plant growth parameters responded positively to biochar but negatively to excessive boron. Soil EC increased by 47% under 8% biochar, underscoring the need for careful application to avoid salinity issues. Biochar and boron application rates can promote soil nutrient bioavailability and chickpea growth, and restrict heavy metal accumulation in plants. However, high applications limit plant growth due to intense heavy metal accumulation and ion imbalances in the plant. The application of 2% biochar and 1 mg kg− 1 boron are considered optimal because it enhances nutrient uptake, minimizes heavy metal accumulation, and maintains low salinity risk.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Higher biochar doses promoted chickpea phosphorus uptake by 20.2% over control.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- higher biochar dosese1
- Outcome
- Phosphoruse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 20.2%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium uptake were promoted with higher biochar doses by 20.2%, 16.6%, 20.2% and 25% over control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher biochar doses promoted chickpea potassium uptake by 16.6% over control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- higher biochar dosese1
- Outcome
- potassiume1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 16.6%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium uptake were promoted with higher biochar doses by 20.2%, 16.6%, 20.2% and 25% over control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher biochar doses promoted chickpea magnesium uptake by 20.2% over control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- higher biochar dosese1
- Outcome
- magnesiume1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 20.2%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium uptake were promoted with higher biochar doses by 20.2%, 16.6%, 20.2% and 25% over control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher biochar doses promoted chickpea calcium uptake by 25% over control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- higher biochar dosese1
- Outcome
- calciume1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 25%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium uptake were promoted with higher biochar doses by 20.2%, 16.6%, 20.2% and 25% over control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent biochar increased chickpea boron and copper uptake.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- 8% of biochare1
- Outcome
- boron and coppere1
- Direction
- pickede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“boron and copper picked with 8% of biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel reached its highest value at 2% biochar.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- 2% of ite1
- Outcome
- nickele1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“nickel had the highest value with 2% of it”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron treatments increased chickpea magnesium and manganese uptake.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Boron treatmentse1
- Outcome
- magnesium and manganese uptakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Boron treatments increased magnesium and manganese uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron treatments reduced calcium and copper accumulation in chickpea tissue.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Organ / stage
- plant tissuese1
- Treatment
- Boron treatmentse1
- Outcome
- calcium and copper accumulations in plant tissuese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Boron treatments increased magnesium and manganese uptake, whereas they reduced calcium and copper accumulations in plant tissues.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low dose biochar inhibited lead, chromium and aluminum absorption.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- low doses (2%)e1
- Outcome
- lead, chromium and aluminum absorptione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“biochar inhibited lead, chromium and aluminum absorption at low doses (2%), but increased at higher doses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher dose biochar increased lead, chromium and aluminum absorption.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- higher dosese1
- Outcome
- lead, chromium and aluminum absorptione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“biochar inhibited lead, chromium and aluminum absorption at low doses (2%), but increased at higher doses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent biochar gave the highest phosphorus concentration of 2458 mg kg⁻¹.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- 8% biochare1
- Outcome
- phosphorus concentratione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2458 mg kg⁻¹e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“The highest phosphorus concentration (2458 mg kg⁻¹) was observed with 8% biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium content increased by 28.9%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- magnesiume1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 28.9%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“magnesium and potassium contents increased by 28.9% and 15.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium content increased by 15.6%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- potassiume1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 15.6%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“magnesium and potassium contents increased by 28.9% and 15.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal uptake was positively correlated with biochar application.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- heavy metal uptakee1
- Direction
- positive correlationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Principal component analysis showed strong positive correlations between heavy metal uptake and biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea growth parameters responded positively to biochar.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- biochare1
- Outcome
- Plant growth parameterse1
- Direction
- positivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Plant growth parameters responded positively to biochar but negatively to excessive boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea growth parameters responded negatively to excessive boron.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- excessive borone1
- Outcome
- Plant growth parameterse1
- Direction
- negativelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Plant growth parameters responded positively to biochar but negatively to excessive boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent biochar increased soil electrical conductivity by 47%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“Soil EC increased by 47% under 8% biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute limited plant growth at high application rates to heavy metal accumulation and ion imbalance.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- high applicationse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Qualifier
- intense heavy metal accumulation and ion imbalances in the plante1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“high applications limit plant growth due to intense heavy metal accumulation and ion imbalances in the plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider 2% biochar optimal for nutrient uptake, metal accumulation and salinity risk.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- 2% biochare1
- Outcome
- enhances nutrient uptake, minimizes heavy metal accumulation, and maintains low salinity riske1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“The application of 2% biochar and 1 mg kg− 1 boron are considered optimal because it enhances nutrient uptake, minimizes heavy metal accumulation, and maintains low salinity risk.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider 1 mg kg− 1 boron optimal for nutrient uptake, metal accumulation and salinity risk.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- 1 mg kg− 1 borone1
- Outcome
- enhances nutrient uptake, minimizes heavy metal accumulation, and maintains low salinity riske1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum)”
e1“The application of 2% biochar and 1 mg kg− 1 boron are considered optimal because it enhances nutrient uptake, minimizes heavy metal accumulation, and maintains low salinity risk.”
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.