Abstract
Abstract The emergence of plant viruses is a complex process influenced by viral genetic variation, host species, and environmental factors. To better predict and manage new plant diseases, it is important to understand how viruses adapt to novel hosts. In this study, we examined how two isolates of potato virus Y (PVY), PVYNb, and PVYSt, evolve when repeatedly passed through three solanaceous plants: Bentham’s tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We also tested whether switching between hosts could reduce the impact of strong population bottlenecks, which often occur in poorly suited hosts. Our findings show that benthamiana supports high viral RNA accumulation and genetically stable diversity, consistent with large effective population sizes. In contrast, potato creates strong bottlenecks, often leading to viral lineage extinction and increased mutation fixation due to genetic drift. Tomato served as an intermediate host, with outcomes varying by virus strain, and acted as a sink host for some lineages, resulting in unsuccessful infection in the next passage. PVYNb showed greater standing diversity and more lineage-specific nonsynonymous change, whereas PVYSt exhibited greater genomic stability and pervasive purifying selection across most cistrons. Only a few late-passage benthamiana lineages displayed elevated πN/πS ratios, indicating that positive selection was rare and not consistently replicated. Overall, our results show that the balance between selection and drift depends strongly on host permissiveness and demographic constraints. Importantly, alternating between permissive and restrictive hosts helped prevent lineage extinction, suggesting that heterogeneous host environments, such as those encountered in agricultural systems, may facilitate virus persistence and adaptation. This study deepens our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary forces that drive the emergence of plant viruses.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Nicotiana benthamiana supported high PVY RNA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae1 - Interactor
- potato virus Y
Potato virus Yt0pathogen - Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“benthamiana supports high viral RNA accumulation and genetically stable diversity”
e1“Bentham’s tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicotiana benthamiana supported genetically stable viral diversity, consistent with large effective population sizes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0pathogen
- Outcome
- genetically stable diversitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“benthamiana supports high viral RNA accumulation and genetically stable diversity”
e1“Bentham’s tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potato created strong bottlenecks for PVY, often leading to viral lineage extinction and increased mutation fixation through genetic drift.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Interactor
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral lineage extinction and increased mutation fixatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“potato creates strong bottlenecks, often leading to viral lineage extinction and increased mutation fixation due to genetic drift”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato served as an intermediate host for PVY, with outcomes varying by virus strain.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0pathogen
- Outcome
- outcomes varying by virus straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“Tomato served as an intermediate host, with outcomes varying by virus strain”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato acted as a sink host for some PVY lineages, resulting in unsuccessful infection in the next passage.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0pathogen
- Outcome
- unsuccessful infection in the next passagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“Tomato served as an intermediate host”
e1“acted as a sink host for some lineages, resulting in unsuccessful infection in the next passage”
Claim · model-written summary
PVYNb showed greater standing diversity and more lineage-specific nonsynonymous change than PVYSt.
- Taxon
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0
- Material
- PVYNbe0
- Outcome
- standing diversity and more lineage-specific nonsynonymous changee0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“PVYNb showed greater standing diversity and more lineage-specific nonsynonymous change”
Claim · model-written summary
PVYSt exhibited greater genomic stability and pervasive purifying selection across most cistrons.
- Taxon
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0
- Material
- PVYSte0
- Outcome
- genomic stability and pervasive purifying selectione0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“PVYSt exhibited greater genomic stability and pervasive purifying selection across most cistrons”
Claim · model-written summary
Only a few late-passage N. benthamiana PVY lineages showed elevated pN/pS ratios, indicating that positive selection was rare and not consistently replicated.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0pathogen
- Outcome
- πN/πS ratiose0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e1“Bentham’s tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana)”
e0“Only a few late-passage benthamiana lineages displayed elevated πN/πS ratios, indicating that positive selection was rare and not consistently replicated”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating between permissive and restrictive hosts helped prevent PVY lineage extinction.
- Taxon
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0
- Treatment
- alternating between permissive and restrictive hostse0
- Outcome
- lineage extinctione0
- Direction
- prevente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“alternating between permissive and restrictive hosts helped prevent lineage extinction”
Claim · model-written summary
The balance between selection and drift in PVY depends strongly on host permissiveness and demographic constraints.
- Taxon
- potato virus YPotato virus Yt0
- Outcome
- balance between selection and drifte0
- Qualifier
- host permissiveness and demographic constraintse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two isolates of potato virus Y”
e0“the balance between selection and drift depends strongly on host permissiveness and demographic constraints”