Abstract
L.), a vital tropical cash crop, may face yield declines in old plantations due to unexplored risks of autotoxicity. This study investigated the allelopathic and autotoxic potential of cashew plant under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The laboratory bioassays with leaf and stem bark (10-200 mg) demonstrated a strong allelopathic effect, reducing lettuce radicle elongation to 7-46.0% and 9-79% of the control, respectively. Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL) completely inhibited (0%) lettuce seed germination and reduced pepper germination to 42%. However, the root exudate of cashew seedlings did not have any inhibitory effect on the test plants. Greenhouse experiments simulating field litter fall revealed significant autotoxicity in cashew. Cashew seedlings grown in growth media amended with 10% cashew leaf powder exhibited severe growth suppression after 13 weeks, including a reduction in plant height by 58.2% compared to controls. Chlorophyll content, stem girth, and leaf number were also significantly reduced. This study concludes that cashew possesses significant allelopathic properties and a clear potential for autotoxicity, as directly evidenced by the suppressed growth of its own seedlings following the incorporation of leaf powder. These findings identify autotoxicity, mediated through leaf litter decomposition, as a critical risk factor for the replanting success and long-term sustainability of cashew orchards, necessitating further investigation into management strategies.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The laboratory bioassays with leaf and stem bark (10-200 mg) demonstrated a strong allelopathic effect, reducing lettuce radicle elongation to 7-46.0% and 9-79% of the control, respectively.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- leafe0
- Interactor
- cashew
Anacardium occidentalet0other - Outcome
- lettuce radicle elongatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 7-46.0%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The laboratory bioassays with leaf and stem bark (10-200 mg) demonstrated a strong allelopathic effect, reducing lettuce radicle elongation to 7-46.0% and 9-79% of the control, respectively.”
t0“Effects of Autotoxicity and Allelopathy on Seedling Growth in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The laboratory bioassays with leaf and stem bark (10-200 mg) demonstrated a strong allelopathic effect, reducing lettuce radicle elongation to 7-46.0% and 9-79% of the control, respectively.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- stem barke0
- Interactor
- cashewAnacardium occidentalet0other
- Outcome
- lettuce radicle elongatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 9-79%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The laboratory bioassays with leaf and stem bark (10-200 mg) demonstrated a strong allelopathic effect, reducing lettuce radicle elongation to 7-46.0% and 9-79% of the control, respectively.”
t0“Effects of Autotoxicity and Allelopathy on Seedling Growth in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL) completely inhibited (0%) lettuce seed germination and reduced pepper germination to 42%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL)e0
- Interactor
- cashewAnacardium occidentalet0other
- Outcome
- lettuce seed germinatione0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Value
- 0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL) completely inhibited (0%) lettuce seed germination and reduced pepper germination to 42%.”
t0“Effects of Autotoxicity and Allelopathy on Seedling Growth in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL) completely inhibited (0%) lettuce seed germination and reduced pepper germination to 42%.
- Taxon
- peppere0
- Treatment
- Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL)e0
- Interactor
- cashewAnacardium occidentalet0other
- Outcome
- pepper germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aqueous leaf extract (50 mg/mL) completely inhibited (0%) lettuce seed germination and reduced pepper germination to 42%.”
t0“Effects of Autotoxicity and Allelopathy on Seedling Growth in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
However, the root exudate of cashew seedlings did not have any inhibitory effect on the test plants.
- Taxon
- cashewAnacardium occidentalee0
- Treatment
- root exudate of cashew seedlingse0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect on the test plantse0
- Direction
- did not have any inhibitory effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the root exudate of cashew seedlings did not have any inhibitory effect on the test plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse experiments simulating field litter fall revealed significant autotoxicity in cashew.
- Taxon
- cashewAnacardium occidentalee0
- Outcome
- autotoxicity in cashewe0
- Setting
- Greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greenhouse experiments simulating field litter fall revealed significant autotoxicity in cashew.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cashew seedlings grown in growth media amended with 10% cashew leaf powder exhibited severe growth suppression after 13 weeks, including a reduction in plant height by 58.2% compared to controls.
- Taxon
- CashewAnacardium occidentalee0
- Treatment
- growth media amended with 10% cashew leaf powdere0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 58.2%e0
- Qualifier
- after 13 weekse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cashew seedlings grown in growth media amended with 10% cashew leaf powder exhibited severe growth suppression after 13 weeks, including a reduction in plant height by 58.2% compared to controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content, stem girth, and leaf number were also significantly reduced.
- Taxon
- CashewAnacardium occidentalet0
- Treatment
- cashew leaf powdere1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll content, stem girth, and leaf numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll content, stem girth, and leaf number were also significantly reduced.”
e1“Cashew seedlings grown in growth media amended with 10% cashew leaf powder exhibited severe growth suppression after 13 weeks, including a reduction in plant height by 58.2% compared to controls.”
t0“Effects of Autotoxicity and Allelopathy on Seedling Growth in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
These findings identify autotoxicity, mediated through leaf litter decomposition, as a critical risk factor for the replanting success and long-term sustainability of cashew orchards, necessitating further investigation into management strategies.
- Taxon
- cashewAnacardium occidentalee0
- Outcome
- further investigation into management strategiese0
- Qualifier
- replanting success and long-term sustainability of cashew orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings identify autotoxicity, mediated through leaf litter decomposition, as a critical risk factor for the replanting success and long-term sustainability of cashew orchards, necessitating further investigation into management strategies.”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.