Abstract
• PEG induced drought stress significantly reduced the growth and physio-biochemical attributes of P. vulgaris L. • Foliar spraying of Spermidine attenuates the effects of drought stress by enhancing the growth and protects the photosynthetic capacity of P. vulgaris L. • Spermidine application enhances the activities of antioxidant as well as polyamine biosynthesis enzymes and lowered the levels of MDA, H 2 O 2 and Pro. • Antioxidant enzyme genes were upregulated and endogenous spermidine content elevated under Spermidine supplementation. Drought is one of the predominant climatic threats to farming that severely limits plant growth, survival and yields worldwide. Spermidine (Spd), a type of natural polyamine (PAs), has emerged as a potential master to counteract abiotic stresses in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes to physiological and biochemical attributes induced by Spd supplementation in drought stress tolerance of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was carried out to decipher the role of foliar spraying of Spd at 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mM in mitigation of PEG-6000 induced drought stress responses in P. vulagris . Application of 0.75 mM Spd maximally enhanced photosynthesis, PSII activity, growth, and reduced oxidative stress. Plants supplemented with Spd showed a substantial decrease in the ROS accumulation, induced the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX). Spd supplementation also modulates the activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzymes, and increased the content of proline, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione (GSH). Further, Spd treatment improved the expression of antioxidant genes that was related to protection of photosynthetic capacity under drought stress. The inclusion of Spd biosynthetic metabolic inhibitors, dicyclohexylamine (DCHA), resulted in additional oxidative stress and reduced PSII and growth attributes under drought stress. This study deciphers how Spd supplementation coordinates alleviation responses under drought stress by targeting interconnected physio-biochemical and molecular defense mechanisms, highlighting Spd’s potential as a novel stimulant molecule to enhance crop resilience in water-deficient conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Spd at 0.75 mM maximally enhanced photosynthesis and PSII activity in drought-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Application of 0.75 mM Spde0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis, PSII activitye0
- Direction
- maximally enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e0“Application of 0.75 mM Spd maximally enhanced photosynthesis, PSII activity, growth, and reduced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Spd at 0.75 mM maximally enhanced growth of drought-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Application of 0.75 mM Spde0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- maximally enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e0“Application of 0.75 mM Spd maximally enhanced photosynthesis, PSII activity, growth, and reduced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Spd at 0.75 mM reduced oxidative stress in drought-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Application of 0.75 mM Spde0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e0“Application of 0.75 mM Spd maximally enhanced photosynthesis, PSII activity, growth, and reduced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
DCHA, a Spd biosynthesis inhibitor, increased oxidative stress in drought-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- dicyclohexylamine (DCHA)e4
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e4“The inclusion of Spd biosynthetic metabolic inhibitors, dicyclohexylamine (DCHA), resulted in additional oxidative stress and reduced PSII and growth attributes under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
DCHA reduced PSII and growth attributes of drought-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- dicyclohexylamine (DCHA)e4
- Outcome
- PSII and growth attributese4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e4“The inclusion of Spd biosynthetic metabolic inhibitors, dicyclohexylamine (DCHA), resulted in additional oxidative stress and reduced PSII and growth attributes under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd induced the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spde1
- Outcome
- activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)e1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e1“Plants supplemented with Spd showed a substantial decrease in the ROS accumulation, induced the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd induced ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spde1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APOX)e1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e1“Plants supplemented with Spd showed a substantial decrease in the ROS accumulation, induced the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd supplementation modulated arginine and ornithine decarboxylase activity in Phaseolus vulgaris; the direction is not stated.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spd supplementatione2
- Outcome
- activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)e2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e2“Spd supplementation also modulates the activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzymes, and increased the content of proline, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione (GSH)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd supplementation increased proline, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione content in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spd supplementatione2
- Outcome
- content of proline, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione (GSH)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e2“Spd supplementation also modulates the activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzymes, and increased the content of proline, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione (GSH)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine application lowered MDA, H2O2 and proline levels in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spermidine applicatione5
- Outcome
- levels of MDA, H 2 O 2 and Proe5
- Direction
- lowerede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e5“Spermidine application enhances the activities of antioxidant as well as polyamine biosynthesis enzymes and lowered the levels of MDA, H 2 O 2 and Pro”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine supplementation upregulated antioxidant enzyme genes in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spermidine supplementatione3
- Gene
- Antioxidant enzyme genese3
- Outcome
- Antioxidant enzyme genese3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e3“Antioxidant enzyme genes were upregulated and endogenous spermidine content elevated under Spermidine supplementation”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine supplementation elevated endogenous spermidine content in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Spermidine supplementatione3
- Outcome
- endogenous spermidine contente3
- Direction
- elevatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris L”
e3“Antioxidant enzyme genes were upregulated and endogenous spermidine content elevated under Spermidine supplementation”
The same questions in other papers
spermidine · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
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spermidine · molecular: expression · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
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spermidine · molecular: metabolites · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.