Abstract
Winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivation in Lithuania is still at an early stage compared to other European countries, yet climate change and increasing spring droughts highlight the need for alternatives to spring-sown crops. Winter peas are considered a promising option as they fix atmospheric nitrogen, reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers, and may improve crop rotation sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sowing date and seed rate on the overwintering and growth of winter peas under Lithuanian agroclimatic conditions. A two-factor field experiment was established at the Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy Experimental Station during 2024–2025. Three seed rates (90, 120, and 150 kg ha⁻¹) and four sowing dates (September 7, 14, 21, and 28) were tested in randomized blocks with four replications. Overwintering, plant height, branching, flowering, and pod formation were assessed, and data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and correlation analysis. Results showed that the highest seed rate (150 kg ha⁻¹) generally reduced overwintering success, especially in later sowings, while the lowest seed rate (90 kg ha⁻¹) ensured better survival. Plants sown on September 21 with 120 kg ha⁻¹ achieved favorable height and branching, while late sowings (September 28) resulted in the lowest plant height. Seed rate had limited influence on pod formation, but sowing date significantly affected flowering and branching intensity. It was concluded that moderate seed rates combined with optimal sowing dates are crucial for winter pea adaptation in Lithuania, offering potential to improve crop rotation resilience and reduce fertilizer dependency.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The highest seed rate generally reduced winter pea overwintering success, especially with later sowing.
- Taxon
- winter pea
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Treatment
- highest seed rate (150 kg ha⁻¹)e0
- Outcome
- overwintering successe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially in later sowingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“the highest seed rate (150 kg ha⁻¹) generally reduced overwintering success, especially in later sowings”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest seed rate gave better winter pea survival.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- lowest seed rate (90 kg ha⁻¹)e0
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“the lowest seed rate (90 kg ha⁻¹) ensured better survival”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing on September 21 at 120 kg ha⁻¹ gave favorable height and branching.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- September 21 with 120 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- height and branchinge0
- Direction
- favorablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“Plants sown on September 21 with 120 kg ha⁻¹ achieved favorable height and branching”
Claim · model-written summary
September 28 sowing gave the lowest plant height.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- late sowings (September 28)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“late sowings (September 28) resulted in the lowest plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rate had limited influence on pod formation.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Seed ratee0
- Outcome
- pod formatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“Seed rate had limited influence on pod formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing date significantly affected flowering and branching intensity.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- sowing datee0
- Outcome
- flowering and branching intensitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“sowing date significantly affected flowering and branching intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend moderate seed rates with optimal sowing dates for winter pea adaptation in Lithuania.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- moderate seed rates combined with optimal sowing datese0
- Setting
- Lithuaniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e0“moderate seed rates combined with optimal sowing dates are crucial for winter pea adaptation in Lithuania”