Abstract
Introduction Adventitious rooting of cuttings is a key developmental process for the vegetative propagation of many crops that involves phytohormone-controlled reprogramming and redifferentiation of specific cells in the stem base. The endogenous control of phytohormone action at the whole-plant level is not completely understood. Methods Using the genome-sequenced Petunia axillaris and Petunia inflata , we monitored the transcriptome of phytohormone-related genes and phytohormone levels in different cutting sections through a phytohormone-targeted microarray, RT-qPCR, and LC-MS/MS, and analyzed the rooting response to manipulations of auxin levels and transport. Results In the stem base of both species, genes controlling jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, conjugation, and signaling, and encoding transcription factors of the ERF family were already upregulated at 0.5 hours post excision (hpe), followed by increased regulation of auxin-related genes. Accordingly, JA and its physiologically active isoleucine conjugate JA-Ile accumulated transiently at 0.5 hpe, before indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) peaked at 2 hpe. Genes controlling auxin biosynthesis were mostly downregulated, whereas three IAA-leucine-resistant-like genes were strongly upregulated between 0.5 and 2 hpe. P. inflata’s greater rooting capacity compared with P. axillaris was linked to higher stem-base IAA levels (0–72 hpe), resulting in a higher IAA/cytokinin ratio and stronger upregulation of auxin-signaling genes. P. inflata showed a steeper IAA gradient between the leaves and the stem base, which was positively and negatively correlated with leaf salicylic acid and cytokinin isopentenyladenine levels, respectively, and associated with exclusive upregulation of PIN-like genes in the leaves. P. axillaris showed a stronger improvement in rooting with low IAA doses than P. inflata . Blocking polar auxin transport in the upper shoot prevented rooting in both species. Discussion The results reveal excision-triggered coordination of jasmonate and auxin pathways in the stem base, interacting with ERF transcription factors, and indicate an important role for upper shoot-derived auxin influx, potentially regulated by salicylic acid and cytokinins. Higher rooting capacity of P. inflata can be explained by the higher IAA level in the stem base. The results indicate important roles of ERF113/114 , ILR-like2 and 6 , PIN6 , PIN-like 1/3 , the PINOID gene A4A49_10797 , ARF11 , and several LBD genes in adventitious rooting of Petunia .
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonate pathway and ERF genes were upregulated in both species at 0.5 hours after excision.
- Organ / stage
- stem basee0
- Gene
- genes controlling jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, conjugation, and signalinge0
- Outcome
- upregulatede0
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In the stem base of both species, genes controlling jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, conjugation, and signaling, and encoding transcription factors of the ERF family were already upregulated at 0.5 hours post excision (hpe), followed by increased regulation of auxin-related genes.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin-related genes were subsequently more regulated.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the stem base of both species, genes controlling jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, conjugation, and signaling, and encoding transcription factors of the ERF family were already upregulated at 0.5 hours post excision (hpe), followed by increased regulation of auxin-related genes.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
JA and JA-Ile accumulated transiently at 0.5 hpe.
- Outcome
- JA and its physiologically active isoleucine conjugate JA-Ile accumulated transientlye0
- Value
- 0.5 hpee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“JA and its physiologically active isoleucine conjugate JA-Ile accumulated transiently at 0.5 hpe, before indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) peaked at 2 hpe.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA peaked at 2 hpe.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“JA and its physiologically active isoleucine conjugate JA-Ile accumulated transiently at 0.5 hpe, before indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) peaked at 2 hpe.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin biosynthesis genes were mostly downregulated.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes controlling auxin biosynthesis were mostly downregulated, whereas three IAA-leucine-resistant-like genes were strongly upregulated between 0.5 and 2 hpe.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
Three IAA-leucine-resistant-like genes were strongly upregulated between 0.5 and 2 hpe.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes controlling auxin biosynthesis were mostly downregulated, whereas three IAA-leucine-resistant-like genes were strongly upregulated between 0.5 and 2 hpe.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
P. inflata had greater rooting capacity than P. axillaris associated with higher stem-base IAA.
- Taxon
- P. inflata
Petunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0 - Compound
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- rooting capacitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- 0–72 hpee0
- Comparator
- P. axillarise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata’s greater rooting capacity compared with P. axillaris was linked to higher stem-base IAA levels (0–72 hpe), resulting in a higher IAA/cytokinin ratio and stronger upregulation of auxin-signaling genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. inflata had a higher IAA/cytokinin ratio.
- Taxon
- P. inflataPetunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0
- Outcome
- IAA/cytokinin ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata’s greater rooting capacity compared with P. axillaris was linked to higher stem-base IAA levels (0–72 hpe), resulting in a higher IAA/cytokinin ratio and stronger upregulation of auxin-signaling genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. inflata had stronger upregulation of auxin-signaling genes.
- Taxon
- P. inflataPetunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0
- Gene
- auxin-signaling genese0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- strongere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata’s greater rooting capacity compared with P. axillaris was linked to higher stem-base IAA levels (0–72 hpe), resulting in a higher IAA/cytokinin ratio and stronger upregulation of auxin-signaling genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. inflata showed a steeper leaf-to-stem-base IAA gradient.
- Taxon
- P. inflataPetunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and the stem basee0
- Outcome
- IAA gradiente0
- Direction
- steepere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata showed a steeper IAA gradient between the leaves and the stem base, which was positively and negatively correlated with leaf salicylic acid and cytokinin isopentenyladenine levels, respectively, and associated with exclusive upregulation of PIN-like genes in the leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
The IAA gradient correlated positively with leaf salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- P. inflataPetunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0
- Compound
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- IAA gradiente0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata showed a steeper IAA gradient between the leaves and the stem base, which was positively and negatively correlated with leaf salicylic acid and cytokinin isopentenyladenine levels, respectively, and associated with exclusive upregulation of PIN-like genes in the leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
The IAA gradient correlated negatively with isopentenyladenine.
- Taxon
- P. inflataPetunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0
- Compound
- cytokinin isopentenyladeninee0
- Outcome
- IAA gradiente0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata showed a steeper IAA gradient between the leaves and the stem base, which was positively and negatively correlated with leaf salicylic acid and cytokinin isopentenyladenine levels, respectively, and associated with exclusive upregulation of PIN-like genes in the leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
PIN-like genes were upregulated exclusively in P. inflata leaves.
- Taxon
- P. inflataPetunia integrifolia subsp. inflatae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Gene
- PIN-like genese0
- Outcome
- exclusive upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. inflata showed a steeper IAA gradient between the leaves and the stem base, which was positively and negatively correlated with leaf salicylic acid and cytokinin isopentenyladenine levels, respectively, and associated with exclusive upregulation of PIN-like genes in the leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low IAA doses improved rooting more strongly in P. axillaris than P. inflata.
- Taxon
- P. axillaris
_Flower.JPG?width=60)
Petunia axillarise0 - Treatment
- low IAA dosese0
- Outcome
- rootinge0
- Direction
- stronger improvemente0
- Comparator
- P. inflatae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Flower.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“P. axillaris showed a stronger improvement in rooting with low IAA doses than P. inflata .”
Claim · model-written summary
Blocking upper-shoot polar auxin transport prevented rooting in both species.
- Organ / stage
- upper shoote0
- Treatment
- Blocking polar auxin transporte0
- Outcome
- rootinge0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blocking polar auxin transport in the upper shoot prevented rooting in both species.”
t0“Petunia species”
Claim · model-written summary
The named ERF, ILR-like, PIN, PINOID, ARF and LBD genes were implicated in adventitious rooting.
- Gene
- ERF113/114 , ILR-like2 and 6 , PIN6 , PIN-like 1/3 , the PINOID gene A4A49_10797 , ARF11 , and several LBD genese0
- Outcome
- adventitious rootinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicate important roles of ERF113/114 , ILR-like2 and 6 , PIN6 , PIN-like 1/3 , the PINOID gene A4A49_10797 , ARF11 , and several LBD genes in adventitious rooting of Petunia .”
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class · growth · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
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