Abstract
Exposure to extreme heat can severely impair crop growth, development and yield quality through manifold interacting physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. Plant growth regulators such as kinetin can help alleviate heat stress by amplifying antioxidant defenses, stabilizing photosynthesis, and regulating stress signals. Here, our purpose was to evaluate effects of high temperature exposure and foliar kinetin application on the physiological, biochemical and fatty acid profiles of five sunflower cultivars (Lakomka, Progress, Shams, Oskar, and Qasem) across two years. Terminal extreme heat exposure caused by late sowing time significantly altered crop phenology by truncating the reproductive growth period. Delayed sowing altered fatty acid composition and reduced grain-filling duration, seed yield, and oil content due to terminal heat stress. Foliar application of kinetin (50 µM) enhanced heat stress tolerance by improving chlorophyll retention, antioxidant activity, and stomatal conductance, while reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Exposure to extreme heat increased saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids by up to 58% and 21%, respectively, while reducing linoleic acid content across all cultivars. Oleic acid increased under delayed sowing, but kinetin application modulated this response via influence on desaturase enzyme activity involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Kinetin reduced accumulation of saturated fatty acids and mitigated heat-induced perturbation of fatty acids, improving oil quality and stability. Our findings underscore the importance of interactive effects between sowing time and hormone treatment on crop physiology and oil quality, emphasizing the need to integrate genetic selection with bespoke heat stress mitigation practices to enhance resilience and sustain productivity under climatic adversity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Terminal extreme heat from late sowing significantly altered sunflower crop phenology by truncating the reproductive growth period.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- late sowing timee1
- Outcome
- crop phenologye1
- Direction
- alterede1
- Qualifier
- truncating the reproductive growth periode1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e1“Terminal extreme heat exposure caused by late sowing time significantly altered crop phenology by truncating the reproductive growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing reduced grain-filling duration, seed yield and oil content in sunflower due to terminal heat stress.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- grain-filling duration, seed yield, and oil contente2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Qualifier
- due to terminal heat stresse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e2“Delayed sowing altered fatty acid composition and reduced grain-filling duration, seed yield, and oil content due to terminal heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing altered the fatty acid composition of sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- fatty acid compositione2
- Direction
- alterede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e2“Delayed sowing altered fatty acid composition and reduced grain-filling duration, seed yield, and oil content due to terminal heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar kinetin (50 µM) improved chlorophyll retention, antioxidant activity and stomatal conductance in heat-stressed sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of kinetin (50 µM)e4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll retention, antioxidant activity, and stomatal conductancee4
- Direction
- improvinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e4“Foliar application of kinetin (50 µM) enhanced heat stress tolerance by improving chlorophyll retention, antioxidant activity, and stomatal conductance, while reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar kinetin (50 µM) reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation in heat-stressed sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of kinetin (50 µM)e4
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide accumulation and lipid peroxidatione4
- Direction
- reducinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e4“Foliar application of kinetin (50 µM) enhanced heat stress tolerance by improving chlorophyll retention, antioxidant activity, and stomatal conductance, while reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Extreme heat increased palmitic acid in sunflower by up to 58%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Exposure to extreme heate5
- Outcome
- palmitice5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 58%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e5“Exposure to extreme heat increased saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids by up to 58% and 21%, respectively, while reducing linoleic acid content across all cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Extreme heat increased stearic acid in sunflower by up to 21%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Exposure to extreme heate5
- Outcome
- stearice5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 21%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e5“Exposure to extreme heat increased saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids by up to 58% and 21%, respectively, while reducing linoleic acid content across all cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Extreme heat reduced linoleic acid content across all sunflower cultivars.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Exposure to extreme heate5
- Outcome
- linoleic acid contente5
- Direction
- reducinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e5“Exposure to extreme heat increased saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids by up to 58% and 21%, respectively, while reducing linoleic acid content across all cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleic acid increased in sunflower under delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge6
- Outcome
- Oleic acide6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e6“Oleic acid increased under delayed sowing, but kinetin application modulated this response via influence on desaturase enzyme activity involved in fatty acid biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin application is asserted to modulate the oleic acid response to delayed sowing through desaturase enzyme activity in sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- kinetin applicatione6
- Gene
- desaturase enzymee6
- Outcome
- this responsee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e6“Oleic acid increased under delayed sowing, but kinetin application modulated this response via influence on desaturase enzyme activity involved in fatty acid biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin reduced the accumulation of saturated fatty acids in heat-stressed sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Kinetine7
- Outcome
- accumulation of saturated fatty acidse7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e7“Kinetin reduced accumulation of saturated fatty acids and mitigated heat-induced perturbation of fatty acids, improving oil quality and stability”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin mitigated the heat-induced perturbation of fatty acids in sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Kinetine7
- Outcome
- perturbation of fatty acidse7
- Direction
- mitigatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e7“Kinetin reduced accumulation of saturated fatty acids and mitigated heat-induced perturbation of fatty acids, improving oil quality and stability”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin improved oil quality and stability of heat-stressed sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Kinetine7
- Outcome
- oil quality and stabilitye7
- Direction
- improvinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e7“Kinetin reduced accumulation of saturated fatty acids and mitigated heat-induced perturbation of fatty acids, improving oil quality and stability”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend integrating genetic selection with heat stress mitigation practices in sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- integrate genetic selection with bespoke heat stress mitigation practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress”
e0“emphasizing the need to integrate genetic selection with bespoke heat stress mitigation practices to enhance resilience and sustain productivity under climatic adversity”
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