Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest affecting maize production worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, which generate environmental risks and resistance. Essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative due to their biodegradability and the biological activity of their terpenoid constituents. This study evaluated the chemical composition, larvicidal activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of the EOs from Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita against S. frugiperda larvae at the L1, L2, and L4 instars. Chemical characterization by GC–MS revealed distinct chemotypes: a phenolic/terpenoid profile in O. vulgare, a 1,8-cineole-type profile in L. dentata, and a menthol-rich composition in M. piperita. Larvicidal assays showed dose- and stage-dependent responses, and M. piperita EO tended to produce the most robust mortality across instars and times, consistently producing high mortality (75%) at 90 µg·mL−1 air concentration. AChE inhibition assays revealed that carvacrol and menthone were the most active constituents with IC50 values of 312–330 µg·mL−1. Molecular docking supported these results, as carvacrol and menthone showed the most favorable interactions with amino acid residues of the AChE catalytic site. These data support their suitability as candidates for integrated pest management programs targeting S. frugiperda. Future research should focus on formulation strategies, synergistic combinations, detoxification mechanisms, and field validation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Mentha piperita essential oil had a menthol-rich composition.
- Taxon
- Mentha piperita
Mentha ×piperitae2 - Outcome
- menthol-rich compositione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita”
e1“a menthol-rich composition in M. piperita”
Claim · model-written summary
Origanum vulgare essential oil had a phenolic/terpenoid profile.
- Taxon
- Origanum vulgare
Origanum vulgaree2 - Outcome
- phenolic/terpenoid profilee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita”
e3“a phenolic/terpenoid profile in O. vulgare”
Claim · model-written summary
Lavandula dentata essential oil had a 1,8-cineole-type profile.
- Taxon
- Lavandula dentata
Lavandula dentatae2 - Outcome
- 1,8-cineole-type profilee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita”
e4“a 1,8-cineole-type profile in L. dentata”
Claim · model-written summary
Mentha piperita essential oil at 90 µg·mL−1 air concentration produced 75% larval mortality of S. frugiperda.
- Taxon
- Mentha piperitaMentha ×piperitae2
- Treatment
- 90 µg·mL−1 air concentratione5
- Interactor
- S. frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae6pest - Outcome
- mortalitye5
- Value
- 75%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita”
e5“consistently producing high mortality (75%) at 90 µg·mL−1 air concentration”
e6“against S. frugiperda larvae at the L1, L2, and L4 instars”
Claim · model-written summary
Mentha piperita essential oil tended to produce the most robust mortality of S. frugiperda across instars and times.
- Taxon
- M. piperitaMentha ×piperitae7
- Interactor
- S. frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae6pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye7
- Qualifier
- across instars and timese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“against S. frugiperda larvae at the L1, L2, and L4 instars”
e7“M. piperita EO tended to produce the most robust mortality across instars and times”
Claim · model-written summary
Carvacrol and menthone were the most active constituents against AChE, with IC50 values of 312-330 µg·mL−1.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family”
e3“carvacrol and menthone were the most active constituents with IC50 values of 312–330 µg·mL−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Molecular docking indicated that carvacrol and menthone had the most favorable interactions with AChE catalytic-site residues.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family”
e3“carvacrol and menthone showed the most favorable interactions with amino acid residues of the AChE catalytic site”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the oils are suitable candidates for integrated pest management of S. frugiperda.
- Outcome
- suitability as candidates for integrated pest management programse3
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family”
e3“These data support their suitability as candidates for integrated pest management programs targeting S. frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
Larvicidal responses were dose- and stage-dependent.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family”
e3“Larvicidal assays showed dose- and stage-dependent responses”