Abstract
Agrivoltaic systems, which integrate agricultural production with photovoltaic energy generation, have garnered attention for their dual-use potential. However, few studies have addressed yield variability of major staple crops, and their morphological and physiological traits in agrivoltaic systems. This study investigated yield performance and shade avoidance responses of three major Asian staple crops, rice, soybean, and sweet potato in agrivoltaic systems. We also assessed the influence of cultivation management practices, such as cultivar selection, weed control, and micronutrient fertilization, which have been overlooked in previous studies, using organically grown sweet potato. Field experiments for rice, soybean, and sweet potato were conducted in 2024, while organic sweet potato experiments in 2023–2024. Our findings revealed substantial inter- and intraspecific variation in yield responses to shading. Rice grain yield remained stable under 27% shading, whereas soybean seed yield decreased by 30% under 33% shading. Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 40% under 31% shading and further under 49% shading. Organic sweet potato tuber yield in different cultivars decreased by 26–51% in 2023 and 18–65% in 2024 under 40% shading. All crops exhibited shade avoidance responses in agrivoltaic systems, such as increased plant height and elevated shoot-to-root ratios. Among sweet potato cultivars, the degree of yield reduction was linked to the intensity of shade avoidance responses. In contrast, neither weed control timing nor micronutrient fertilization significantly affected yield. These findings underscore the importance of understanding crop- and cultivar- specific morphological and physiological responses to ensure stable production in agrivoltaic systems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield remained stable under 27% shading.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 27% shadinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- remained stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice grain yield remained stable under 27% shading”
e7“three major Asian staple crops, rice, soybean, and sweet potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed yield decreased by 30% under 33% shading.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean seed yield decreased by 30% under 33% shading”
e7“three major Asian staple crops, rice, soybean, and sweet potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 40% under 31% shading.
- Taxon
- sweet potato
_Flower.jpg?width=60)
Ipomoea batatase2 - Treatment
- 31% shadinge2
- Outcome
- tuber yielde2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 40%e2
- Qualifier
- Conventionale2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Flower.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 40% under 31% shading and further under 49% shading”
e7“three major Asian staple crops, rice, soybean, and sweet potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased further under 49% shading.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- 49% shadinge2
- Outcome
- tuber yielde2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- Conventionale2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 40% under 31% shading and further under 49% shading”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 26–51% in 2023 under 40% shading, varying by cultivar.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase3
- Treatment
- 40% shadinge3
- Outcome
- tuber yielde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 26–51%e3
- Qualifier
- Organice3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Organic sweet potato tuber yield in different cultivars decreased by 26–51% in 2023 and 18–65% in 2024 under 40% shading”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 18–65% in 2024 under 40% shading, varying by cultivar.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase3
- Treatment
- 40% shadinge3
- Outcome
- tuber yielde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 18–65%e3
- Qualifier
- Organice3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Organic sweet potato tuber yield in different cultivars decreased by 26–51% in 2023 and 18–65% in 2024 under 40% shading”
Claim · model-written summary
All crops increased plant height under agrivoltaic systems as a shade avoidance response.
- Taxon
- rice, soybean, and sweet potato
Glycine maxIpomoea batatasOryza sativae7 - Treatment
- agrivoltaic systemse4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“All crops exhibited shade avoidance responses in agrivoltaic systems, such as increased plant height and elevated shoot-to-root ratios”
e7“three major Asian staple crops, rice, soybean, and sweet potato”
Claim · model-written summary
All crops elevated shoot-to-root ratios under agrivoltaic systems as a shade avoidance response.
- Taxon
- rice, soybean, and sweet potatoGlycine maxIpomoea batatasOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- agrivoltaic systemse4
- Outcome
- shoot-to-root ratiose4
- Direction
- elevatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“All crops exhibited shade avoidance responses in agrivoltaic systems, such as increased plant height and elevated shoot-to-root ratios”
e7“three major Asian staple crops, rice, soybean, and sweet potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Among sweet potato cultivars, the degree of yield reduction was linked to the intensity of shade avoidance responses.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase5
- Material
- sweet potato cultivarse5
- Outcome
- degree of yield reductione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Among sweet potato cultivars, the degree of yield reduction was linked to the intensity of shade avoidance responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control timing did not significantly affect yield of sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- weed control timinge6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“neither weed control timing nor micronutrient fertilization significantly affected yield”
e2“Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 40% under 31% shading and further under 49% shading”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient fertilization did not significantly affect yield of sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- micronutrient fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“neither weed control timing nor micronutrient fertilization significantly affected yield”
e2“Conventional sweet potato tuber yield decreased by 40% under 31% shading and further under 49% shading”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 145 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.