Abstract
ABSTRACT Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content. This study evaluated the enhancement of DPL's nutritional value using a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut, supplemented with microbial growth stimulators. Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5). Parameters assessed included chemical composition, lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity, in vitro gas production (IVGP), fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal enzyme activities. LiP activity was highest in T5 (0.328 U/mL/min), representing a significant increase over controls. Inoculated treatments significantly reduced acid detergent lignin (ADL) and increased crude protein (CP), with T5 showing the greatest improvement: ADL decreased from 97.8 to 83.8 g/kg DM, and CP increased from 52.2 to 70.3 g/kg DM. T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL). Activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, microcrystalline cellulase, and filter paper‐degrading enzymes were significantly elevated in all inoculated treatments, with T5 consistently yielding the highest values. These results demonstrate that co‐application of the leopard moth gut‐derived bacterial consortium with glucose and urea effectively delignifies DPL, substantially enhances its fermentability and nutritive value, and offers a sustainable strategy for valorizing agricultural residues in ruminant nutrition.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of the bacterial consortium with glucose and urea (T5) raised LiP activity significantly above untreated date palm leaves.
- Taxon
- Date palm
Phoenix dactyliferae0 - Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- LiP activitye2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 0.328 U/mL/mine2
- Comparator
- untreated DPL (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e2“LiP activity was highest in T5 (0.328 U/mL/min), representing a significant increase over controls”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated treatments significantly reduced acid detergent lignin relative to untreated date palm leaves.
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Inoculated treatmentse3
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- acid detergent lignin (ADL)e3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- untreated DPL (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e3“Inoculated treatments significantly reduced acid detergent lignin (ADL) and increased crude protein (CP)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated treatments increased crude protein of date palm leaves.
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Inoculated treatmentse3
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- crude protein (CP)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e3“Inoculated treatments significantly reduced acid detergent lignin (ADL) and increased crude protein (CP)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 decreased acid detergent lignin of date palm leaves from 97.8 to 83.8 g/kg DM.
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- ADLe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 97.8 to 83.8 g/kg DMe4
- Comparator
- untreated DPL (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e4“ADL decreased from 97.8 to 83.8 g/kg DM, and CP increased from 52.2 to 70.3 g/kg DM”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 increased crude protein of date palm leaves from 52.2 to 70.3 g/kg DM.
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- CPe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 52.2 to 70.3 g/kg DMe4
- Comparator
- untreated DPL (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e4“ADL decreased from 97.8 to 83.8 g/kg DM, and CP increased from 52.2 to 70.3 g/kg DM”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 had the highest dry matter loss of date palm leaves (61.1 g/kg DM).
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM) losse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 61.1 g/kg DMe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e6“T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 had the highest in vitro gas production (61.2 mL).
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- IVGPe6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 61.2 mLe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e6“T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 had the highest metabolizable energy of date palm leaves (5.61 MJ/kg DM).
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- metabolizable energye6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 5.61 MJ/kg DMe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e6“T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 had the highest short-chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM).
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- short‐chain fatty acid concentratione6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 2.43 mmol/g DMe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e6“T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 had the highest microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM).
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- microbial protein synthesise6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 405 mg/g DMe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e6“T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 had the highest ammonia-N (10.2 mg/dL).
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% ureae1
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- ammonia‐Ne6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 10.2 mg/dLe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e1“Six treatments were applied: untreated DPL (control), DPL with M9 medium (T1), DPL with bacterial inoculum (T2), T2 + 0.5% glucose (T3), T2 + 0.5% urea (T4), and T2 + 0.5% glucose + 0.5% urea (T5)”
e6“T5 also exhibited the highest dry matter (DM) loss (61.1 g/kg DM), IVGP (61.2 mL), metabolizable energy (5.61 MJ/kg DM), short‐chain fatty acid concentration (2.43 mmol/g DM), microbial protein synthesis (405 mg/g DM), and ammonia‐N (10.2 mg/dL)”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
Claim · model-written summary
Carboxymethyl cellulase, microcrystalline cellulase and filter paper-degrading enzyme activities were significantly elevated in all inoculated treatments.
- Taxon
- Date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- all inoculated treatmentse7
- Interactor
- lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortiume5other
- Outcome
- carboxymethyl cellulase, microcrystalline cellulase, and filter paper‐degrading enzymese7
- Direction
- significantly elevatede7
- Qualifier
- with T5 consistently yielding the highest valuese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Date palm leaves (DPL), a widely available lignocellulosic by‐product, are used as ruminant feed but are limited by high lignin and low protein content”
e7“Activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, microcrystalline cellulase, and filter paper‐degrading enzymes were significantly elevated in all inoculated treatments, with T5 consistently yielding the highest values”
e5“a lignocellulose‐degrading bacterial consortium ( Staphylococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp.) isolated from the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.) gut”
The same questions in other papers
glucose · molecular: metabolites · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
glucose · growth · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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nitrogen · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Results agree
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- positive
nitrogen · quality: protein · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · quality: protein · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
inoculation · molecular: metabolites · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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nitrogen · growth · Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.