Abstract
Abstract Heavy metal contamination in soil impairs plant growth and disrupts cellular functions. Brassica rapa L. exhibits phytoremediation potential owing to its strong metal tolerance and accumulation capacity. This study evaluated the effects of boron (B) and zinc (Zn), applied alone or together at 10–25 mg kg −1 , on growth, biochemical traits, and heavy-metal stress tolerance in B. rapa L. The result established B + Zn > B > Zn. Co-application of B and Zn at 15–20 mg kg −1 significantly enhanced growth and tolerance to metal-induced stress compared with individual treatments ( p < 0.05). At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zn, key biochemical markers, including chlorophyll, sugar, phenolic, carotenoid, protein, and proline levels, were significantly higher compared with individual treatments. Elemental analysis and PCA showed that the optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dose promoted the uptake of essential elements such as Fe and Mn. Simultaneously, reduced toxic metals accumulation (Cd and Pb). Conversely, the 25 mg kg −1 treatment clustered with elevated toxic metals, with Cd showing the highest accumulation, followed by Cr and Pb. The weak linear correlation ( R 2 < 0.1 ) observed across parameters indicates that these physiological benefits arise from complex, non-linear regulation. These findings underscore the critical role of precise micronutrient synergy in enhancing heavy-metal tolerance mechanisms in crops, and they are vital for optimizing phytoremediation and ensuring food safety in metal-contaminated agroecosystems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
B + Zn ranks above B, which ranks above Zn.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.
Brassica rapat0 - Treatment
- B + Zne1
- Outcome
- B + Zn > B > Zne1
- Direction
- B + Zn > B > Zne1
- Comparator
- Zne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e1“The result established B + Zn > B > Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of B and Zn at 15–20 mg kg −1 significantly enhanced growth and tolerance to metal-induced stress compared with individual treatments.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- Co-application of B and Zn at 15–20 mg kg −1e2
- Outcome
- growth and tolerance to metal-induced stresse2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- individual treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e2“Co-application of B and Zn at 15–20 mg kg −1 significantly enhanced growth and tolerance to metal-induced stress compared with individual treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zn, chlorophyll, sugar and phenolic levels were significantly higher than with individual treatments.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zne3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, sugar, phenolice3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- individual treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e3“At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zn, key biochemical markers, including chlorophyll, sugar, phenolic, carotenoid, protein, and proline levels, were significantly higher compared with individual treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zn, carotenoid, protein and proline levels were significantly higher than with individual treatments.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zne3
- Outcome
- carotenoid, protein, and prolinee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- individual treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e3“At 20 mg kg −1 B + Zn, key biochemical markers, including chlorophyll, sugar, phenolic, carotenoid, protein, and proline levels, were significantly higher compared with individual treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dose promoted uptake of essential elements such as Fe and Mn.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dosee4
- Outcome
- uptake of essential elements such as Fe and Mne4
- Direction
- promotede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e4“the optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dose promoted the uptake of essential elements such as Fe and Mn”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dose reduced toxic metal accumulation (Cd and Pb).
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dosee5
- Outcome
- toxic metals accumulatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e5“the optimal 15–20 mg kg −1 B + Zn dose promoted the uptake of essential elements such as Fe and Mn. Simultaneously, reduced toxic metals accumulation (Cd and Pb)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 25 mg kg −1 treatment clustered with elevated toxic metals.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- 25 mg kg −1 treatmente6
- Outcome
- toxic metalse6
- Direction
- elevatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e6“the 25 mg kg −1 treatment clustered with elevated toxic metals, with Cd showing the highest accumulation, followed by Cr and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd showed the highest accumulation under the 25 mg kg −1 treatment.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Treatment
- 25 mg kg −1 treatmente6
- Outcome
- Cd showing the highest accumulatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e6“the 25 mg kg −1 treatment clustered with elevated toxic metals, with Cd showing the highest accumulation, followed by Cr and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
The weak linear correlation across parameters (R2 < 0.1) indicates non-linear regulation of the physiological benefits.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa L.Brassica rapat0
- Outcome
- linear correlatione7
- Value
- R 2 < 0.1e7
- Qualifier
- weake7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Brassica rapa L.”
e7“The weak linear correlation ( R 2 < 0.1 ) observed across parameters indicates that these physiological benefits arise from complex, non-linear regulation”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.