Abstract
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting crop growth and yield, particularly in wheat. Water deficit leads to reduced chlorophyll content, impaired photosynthetic performance, and decreased biomass accumulation. Nitrogen fertilization may influence plant physiological responses to drought; however, its capacity to alleviate drought-induced growth reduction remains uncertain. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of different nitrogen-based fertilizers on wheat seedlings grown under irrigation level 60% PPW (control) and 30% PPW (drought stress) conditions, with balanced levels of phosphorus and potassium maintained in all treatments. Water deficit led to substantial reductions in chlorophyll content compared to optimally irrigated plants. Similarly, the performance index (PI) decreased by 139.3% at Term 1 (1 day after foliar nitrogen application) and 27.2% at Term 2 (7 days after application). The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) declined markedly under drought conditions and was not significantly improved by nitrogen fertilization, indicating a partial and mainly short-term physiological response to nitrogen under water deficit. The application of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea and Nitron S, modulated the relative chlorophyll content and selected chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI) and gas-exchange (E, gs, Ci) parameters under drought conditions, mainly shortly after application. However, aboveground dry biomass under drought conditions was not significantly affected by any nitrogen fertilizer. Urea induced the most consistent short-term physiological responses under both irrigation regimes, with effects more pronounced shortly after application, whereas Nitron S showed fertilizer-specific effects under drought stress. Overall, the results demonstrate that foliar nitrogen fertilization can modulate short-term physiological responses of wheat seedlings to drought but does not translate into sustained improvements in Pn or biomass accumulation. In the context of climate change and increasing water scarcity, identifying nitrogen fertilizers that support physiological functioning without overestimating growth benefits has critical implications for sustainable wheat production. Optimizing nitrogen fertilization may, therefore, contribute to improved nutrient management strategies under water-limited conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced wheat chlorophyll content relative to optimal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Water deficite0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- optimally irrigated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit led to substantial reductions in chlorophyll content compared to optimally irrigated plants.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat performance index decreased by 139.3% at Term 1 (1 day after foliar nitrogen application).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- performance index (PI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 139.3%e0
- Qualifier
- Term 1 (1 day after foliar nitrogen application)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the performance index (PI) decreased by 139.3% at Term 1 (1 day after foliar nitrogen application) and 27.2% at Term 2 (7 days after application).”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat performance index decreased by 27.2% at Term 2 (7 days after application).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- performance index (PI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27.2%e0
- Qualifier
- Term 2 (7 days after application)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the performance index (PI) decreased by 139.3% at Term 1 (1 day after foliar nitrogen application) and 27.2% at Term 2 (7 days after application).”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought markedly reduced net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought conditionse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) declined markedly under drought conditions and was not significantly improved by nitrogen fertilization”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization did not significantly improve net photosynthetic rate under drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e0
- Direction
- not significantly improvede0
- Qualifier
- under drought conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) declined markedly under drought conditions and was not significantly improved by nitrogen fertilization”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizers modulated chlorophyll content under drought shortly after application.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll contente0
- Qualifier
- mainly shortly after applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea and Nitron S, modulated the relative chlorophyll content and selected chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI) and gas-exchange (E, gs, Ci) parameters under drought conditions, mainly shortly after application.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizers modulated chlorophyll fluorescence under drought shortly after application.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI)e0
- Qualifier
- mainly shortly after applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea and Nitron S, modulated the relative chlorophyll content and selected chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI) and gas-exchange (E, gs, Ci) parameters under drought conditions, mainly shortly after application.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizers modulated gas exchange under drought shortly after application.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- gas-exchange (E, gs, Ci) parameterse0
- Qualifier
- mainly shortly after applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea and Nitron S, modulated the relative chlorophyll content and selected chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI) and gas-exchange (E, gs, Ci) parameters under drought conditions, mainly shortly after application.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
No nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected aboveground dry biomass under drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- aboveground dry biomasse0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
- Qualifier
- under drought conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aboveground dry biomass under drought conditions was not significantly affected by any nitrogen fertilizer.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea gave the most consistent short term physiological responses under both irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ureae0
- Outcome
- physiological responsese0
- Direction
- most consistente0
- Qualifier
- under both irrigation regimese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea induced the most consistent short-term physiological responses under both irrigation regimes, with effects more pronounced shortly after application”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitron S produced fertilizer specific effects under drought.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitron Se0
- Outcome
- fertilizer-specific effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitron S showed fertilizer-specific effects under drought stress.”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
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