Abstract
Identifying plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria tolerant to saline–alkali conditions is critical for developing effective microbial agents and multi-strategy approaches to remediate saline–alkali soil. Two salt–alkali-tolerant bacterial strains—phosphorus-solubilizing Bacillus pumilus JL-C and cellulose-decomposing B. halotolerans XW-3—were isolated from saline–alkali soil, with both exhibiting multiple plant-growth-promoting properties, including nitrogen fixation and the generation of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Alfalfa pot experiments were conducted under four treatments: a control, the strain JL-C treatment, the strain XW-3 treatment, and a co-inoculation treatment (JL-C/XW-3), all mixed with corn straw and applied to the saline–alkali soil. The results demonstrated that the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa, showing enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities; increased contents of proline, soluble sugar, and protein; reduced malondialdehyde content; lowered pH and electrical conductivity; elevated activities of key enzymes; and increased levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter content in the soil. The pot experiments were confirmed by field experiments. The results of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing revealed changes in the bacterial community composition in the alfalfa rhizosphere, showing shifts in the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa often reported as plant-associated or potentially beneficial. This study establishes a combined remediation strategy for saline–alkali soil utilizing complex microbial agents and corn straw.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation of Bacillus pumilus JL-C and B. halotolerans XW-3 with corn straw gave the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa compared with the control in saline-alkali soil pot experiments.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae1 - Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus JL-CBacillus pumiluse3other
- Second interactor
- B. halotolerans XW-3Bacillus halotoleranse3other
- Outcome
- growth-promoting effectse1
- Direction
- most significante1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“a control”
e3“phosphorus-solubilizing Bacillus pumilus JL-C and cellulose-decomposing B. halotolerans XW-3”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased proline, soluble sugar and protein contents in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- contents of proline, soluble sugar, and proteine2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“increased contents of proline, soluble sugar, and protein”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation reduced malondialdehyde content in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“reduced malondialdehyde content”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation lowered soil pH and electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- pH and electrical conductivitye2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“lowered pH and electrical conductivity”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation elevated the activities of key soil enzymes.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- activities of key enzymese2
- Direction
- elevatede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“elevated activities of key enzymes”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassiume2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“increased levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased soil organic matter content.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation treatmente1
- Outcome
- organic matter contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the co-inoculation treatment yielded the most significant growth-promoting effects on alfalfa”
e2“increased levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter content in the soil”
e3“a control”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt-alkali-tolerant Bacillus pumilus JL-C isolated from saline-alkali soil exhibited multiple plant-growth-promoting properties including nitrogen fixation and production of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores and ACC deaminase.
- Taxon
- Bacillus pumilus JL-CBacillus pumiluse1
- Outcome
- plant-growth-promoting propertiese2
Verbatim
e1“phosphorus-solubilizing Bacillus pumilus JL-C and cellulose-decomposing B. halotolerans XW-3”
e2“multiple plant-growth-promoting properties, including nitrogen fixation and the generation of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt-alkali-tolerant B. halotolerans XW-3 isolated from saline-alkali soil exhibited multiple plant-growth-promoting properties including nitrogen fixation and production of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores and ACC deaminase.
- Taxon
- B. halotolerans XW-3Bacillus halotoleranse1
- Outcome
- plant-growth-promoting propertiese2
Verbatim
e1“phosphorus-solubilizing Bacillus pumilus JL-C and cellulose-decomposing B. halotolerans XW-3”
e2“multiple plant-growth-promoting properties, including nitrogen fixation and the generation of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase”
Claim · model-written summary
The pot experiments were confirmed by field experiments.
- Outcome
- The pot experiments were confirmed by field experimentse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“The pot experiments were confirmed by field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
The bacterial community composition in the alfalfa rhizosphere changed, with shifts in the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa, as shown by 16S rRNA sequencing.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rhizospheree1
- Outcome
- bacterial community compositione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing revealed changes in the bacterial community composition in the alfalfa rhizosphere”
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