Abstract
Introduction Peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea L.) exhibit a high demand for calcium, second only to nitrogen and potassium, with calcium playing a critical role in their growth, development, and nitrogen fixation. However, the mechanisms underlying calcium-mediated regulation of peanut growth and nitrogen fixation remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, we employed nitrogen-efficient (Puhua 66, Huayu 20) and nitrogen-inefficient (Puhua 28, Shanhua 14) peanut varieties in a two-year field experiment using a split-plot design. The main plots comprised two treatments: standard fertilization (CK) and calcium supplementation (Ca), while the sub-plots consisted of different peanut varieties. We analyzed growth parameters, physiological responses, and transcriptomic profiles. Results Our results demonstrated that calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves while reducing peroxidase (POD) activity, enhancing pod dry matter accumulation, and promoting earlier plant maturation. Additionally, calcium application elevated the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) (P < 0.01), thereby improving nitrogen and calcium accumulation in pods, their allocation efficiency, and the overall utilization rates of nitrogen and calcium fertilizers. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nitrogen-efficient varieties and 343 DEGs in nitrogen-inefficient varieties under calcium supplementation, with 67 DEGs shared between the two groups. Functional annotation and qRT-PCR validation were performed on these DEGs.Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that calcium supplementation significantly up-regulated genes associated with sucrose synthase, β-amylase, GTPase-activating proteins, light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes ( Lhca2, Lhca3 ), photosynthetic electron transport ( PetF, PetJ ), phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C2, inositol-3-phosphate synthase, TMV resistance protein, ABC transporters, ethylene-responsive transcription factors ( EIN1, EIN2, EIN3 ), alkylamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and aspartate synthase. Conclusion These findings suggest that calcium application modulates carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, plant-pathogen interactions, and photosynthetic processes through differential gene expression, ultimately enhancing leaf physiological activity, dry matter partitioning, pod yield, and early maturation in peanuts.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased leaf MDA.
- Taxon
- peanuts
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- calcium applicatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves”
t0“peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium reduced leaf POD activity.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calciume1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing peroxidase (POD) activity”
t0“peanuts”
e1“calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium enhanced pod dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calciume1
- Outcome
- pod dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing pod dry matter accumulation”
t0“peanuts”
e1“calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium promoted earlier maturation.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calciume1
- Outcome
- plant maturatione0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting earlier plant maturation”
t0“peanuts”
e1“calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium elevated nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calcium applicatione0
- Outcome
- activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- P < 0.01e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium application elevated the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) (P < 0.01)”
t0“peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium improved pod nitrogen and calcium accumulation and allocation efficiency.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Outcome
- nitrogen and calcium accumulation in pods, their allocation efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving nitrogen and calcium accumulation in pods, their allocation efficiency”
t0“peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium improved nitrogen and calcium fertilizer utilization.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Outcome
- overall utilization rates of nitrogen and calcium fertilizerse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall utilization rates of nitrogen and calcium fertilizers”
t0“peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Under calcium, nitrogen-efficient varieties had 166 DEGs.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Material
- nitrogen-efficient varietiese0
- Treatment
- calciume1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 166e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nitrogen-efficient varieties”
t0“peanuts”
e1“calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Under calcium, nitrogen-inefficient varieties had 343 DEGs.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Material
- nitrogen-inefficient varietiese0
- Treatment
- calciume1
- Outcome
- DEGse0
- Value
- 343e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“343 DEGs in nitrogen-inefficient varieties”
t0“peanuts”
e1“calcium application significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The variety groups shared 67 DEGs.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- DEGs shared between the two groupse0
- Value
- 67e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“67 DEGs shared between the two groups”
t0“peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium up-regulated genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calcium supplementatione0
- Outcome
- genes associated with sucrose synthase, β-amylase, GTPase-activating proteins, light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes ( Lhca2, Lhca3 ), photosynthetic electron transport ( PetF, PetJ )e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium supplementation significantly up-regulated genes associated with sucrose synthase, β-amylase, GTPase-activating proteins, light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes ( Lhca2, Lhca3 ), photosynthetic electron transport ( PetF, PetJ )”
t0“peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium up-regulated genes associated with signaling and resistance.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- calcium supplementatione0
- Outcome
- phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C2, inositol-3-phosphate synthase, TMV resistance protein, ABC transporters, ethylene-responsive transcription factors ( EIN1, EIN2, EIN3 ), alkylamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and aspartate synthasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium supplementation significantly up-regulated genes associated with sucrose synthase, β-amylase, GTPase-activating proteins, light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes ( Lhca2, Lhca3 ), photosynthetic electron transport ( PetF, PetJ ), phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C2, inositol-3-phosphate synthase, TMV resistance protein, ABC transporters, ethylene-responsive transcription factors ( EIN1, EIN2, EIN3 ), alkylamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and aspartate synthase”
t0“peanuts”
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