Paper · 2026 · Frontiers in Plant Science

Comparative analysis of morphological traits and photosynthetic parameters as well as carbon accumulation characteristics of six typical shrub species in the Qilian Mountains

Rong Zhou; Na Wei; Yaoyao Shangguan; et al.

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citations
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Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Introduction Shrubs are key components of arid ecosystems, and their functional traits directly influence ecological adaptability and productivity. Current research pays insufficient attention to the synergistic relationship between the overall morphological structure and leaf physiological functions of shrubs. This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains, aiming to analyze interspecific differences in functional strategies from a “morphology–photosynthesis” synergy perspective. Methods We selected six typical shrub species (e.g., Cotoneaster multiflorus, Prunus pedunculata, Caragana arborescens , and Lonicera rupicola ) and comprehensively measured their morphological traits (plant height, basal diameter, root length, biomass allocation, etc.) and photosynthetic physiological parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, etc.). Results The results showed that: (1) Morphologically, C. arborescens exhibited significantly greater plant height (205.17 cm) and whole-plant dry weight (303.03 g), while L. rupicola had deeper root systems (>40 cm); (2) Photosynthetically, the diurnal net photosynthetic rate displayed unimodal and bimodal patterns, primarily driven by photosynthetically active radiation, with L. rupicola and C. arborescens showing the highest estimated daily leaf-level carbon assimilation potential (6.93 and 5.86 g·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively); (3) A “scale decoupling” existed between whole-plant carbon storage capacity and leaf-level carbon assimilation potential: C. arborescens had the highest whole-plant carbon storage (120.86 g/plant) but not the highest per-unit-leaf-area assimilation efficiency, whereas L. rupicola exhibited high leaf-level efficiency but moderate whole-plant storage; (4) The six shrubs were classified into three strategic types based on biomass allocation and carbon storage: C. arborescens as “high-accumulation, stem-dominated”; C. multiflorus, Lonicera ferdinandi, P. pedunculata, L. rupicola as “balanced investment”; Euonymus phellomanus as “conservative, belowground-investment”. Discussion By integrating leaf-scale carbon assimilation potential estimates with whole-plant carbon storage measurements, this study systematically revealed the scale-decoupling phenomenon and established a more rigorous framework for assessing shrub carbon sinks. The findings demonstrate significant diversity in the synergistic differentiation of morphological and photosynthetic traits as well as carbon accumulation strategies among arid-zone shrubs. Vegetation restoration should select corresponding functional species based on objectives such as rapid carbon accumulation or stress adaptation, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for ecological restoration and carbon sink enhancement in arid regions.

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Claims 14

Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

C. arborescens had significantly greater plant height (205.17 cm) than the other shrubs studied

Taxon
C. arborescensCaragana arborescense1
Outcome
plant heighte1
Direction
greatere1
Value
205.17 cme1
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens · TaxonA. Barra · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e1

“C. arborescens exhibited significantly greater plant height (205.17 cm) and whole-plant dry weight (303.03 g)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 972–1081 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

C. arborescens had significantly greater whole-plant dry weight (303.03 g)

Taxon
C. arborescensCaragana arborescense1
Outcome
whole-plant dry weighte1
Direction
greatere1
Value
303.03 ge1
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens · TaxonA. Barra · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e1

“C. arborescens exhibited significantly greater plant height (205.17 cm) and whole-plant dry weight (303.03 g)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 972–1081 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

L. rupicola had deeper root systems (>40 cm) than the other shrubs

Taxon
L. rupicolaLonicera rupicolae2
Outcome
root systemse2
Direction
deepere2
Value
>40 cme2
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Lonicera rupicola
Lonicera rupicola · TaxonKrzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e2

“L. rupicola had deeper root systems (>40 cm)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1089–1133 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The diurnal net photosynthetic rate of the shrubs showed unimodal and bimodal patterns driven mainly by photosynthetically active radiation

Taxon
six typical shrub speciese0
Outcome
diurnal net photosynthetic ratee3
Qualifier
primarily driven by photosynthetically active radiatione3

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e3

“the diurnal net photosynthetic rate displayed unimodal and bimodal patterns, primarily driven by photosynthetically active radiation”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1159–1291 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

L. rupicola had the highest estimated daily leaf-level carbon assimilation potential (6.93)

Taxon
L. rupicolaLonicera rupicolae3
Outcome
leaf-level carbon assimilation potentiale1
Direction
higheste3
Value
6.93e2
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Lonicera rupicola
Lonicera rupicola · TaxonKrzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e1

“showing the highest estimated daily leaf-level carbon assimilation potential”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1329–1405 · show in text ↑
e2

“(6.93 and 5.86”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1406–1420 · show in text ↑
e3

“L. rupicola and C. arborescens showing the highest”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1298–1348 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

C. arborescens had the highest estimated daily leaf-level carbon assimilation potential (5.86)

Taxon
C. arborescensCaragana arborescense3
Outcome
leaf-level carbon assimilation potentiale1
Direction
higheste3
Value
5.86e2
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens · TaxonA. Barra · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e1

“showing the highest estimated daily leaf-level carbon assimilation potential”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1329–1405 · show in text ↑
e2

“(6.93 and 5.86”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1406–1420 · show in text ↑
e3

“L. rupicola and C. arborescens showing the highest”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1298–1348 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

C. arborescens had the highest whole-plant carbon storage (120.86 g per plant)

Taxon
C. arborescensCaragana arborescense5
Outcome
whole-plant carbon storagee5
Direction
higheste5
Value
120.86 g/plante5
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens · TaxonA. Barra · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e5

“C. arborescens had the highest whole-plant carbon storage (120.86 g/plant) but not the highest per-unit-leaf-area assimilation efficiency”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1570–1707 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

C. arborescens did not have the highest per-unit-leaf-area assimilation efficiency

Taxon
C. arborescensCaragana arborescense5
Outcome
per-unit-leaf-area assimilation efficiencye5
Direction
not the higheste5
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens · TaxonA. Barra · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e5

“C. arborescens had the highest whole-plant carbon storage (120.86 g/plant) but not the highest per-unit-leaf-area assimilation efficiency”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1570–1707 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

L. rupicola had high leaf-level efficiency but moderate whole-plant carbon storage

Taxon
L. rupicolaLonicera rupicolae6
Outcome
leaf-level efficiencye6
Direction
highe6
Qualifier
moderate whole-plant storagee6
Setting
arid zone of the Qilian Mountainse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Lonicera rupicola
Lonicera rupicola · TaxonKrzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e6

“whereas L. rupicola exhibited high leaf-level efficiency but moderate whole-plant storage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1709–1798 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The six shrubs were classified into three strategic types based on biomass allocation and carbon storage

Taxon
six shrubse1
Outcome
three strategic typese1
Qualifier
based on biomass allocation and carbon storagee1

Verbatim

e1

“The six shrubs were classified into three strategic types based on biomass allocation and carbon storage”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1804–1908 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

C. arborescens is a high-accumulation, stem-dominated strategy type

Taxon
C. arborescensCaragana arborescense1
Outcome
high-accumulation, stem-dominatede1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens · TaxonA. Barra · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1

“C. arborescens as “high-accumulation, stem-dominated””

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1910–1963 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Euonymus phellomanus is a conservative, belowground-investment strategy type

Taxon
Euonymus phellomanusEuonymus phellomanuse1
Outcome
conservative, belowground-investmente2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Euonymus phellomanus
Euonymus phellomanus · TaxonKrzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1

“Euonymus phellomanus as”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2056–2079 · show in text ↑
e2

““conservative, belowground-investment””

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2080–2118 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

C. multiflorus and three other shrubs are a balanced-investment strategy type

Taxon
C. multiflorusCotoneaster multifloruse1
Outcome
balanced investmente1
Qualifier
Lonicera ferdinandi, P. pedunculata, L. rupicolae1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cotoneaster multiflorus
Cotoneaster multiflorus · TaxonSten Porse · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1

“C. multiflorus, Lonicera ferdinandi, P. pedunculata, L. rupicola as “balanced investment””

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1965–2054 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Vegetation restoration should select functional shrub species according to objectives such as rapid carbon accumulation or stress adaptation

Taxon
six typical shrub speciese0
Outcome
select corresponding functional speciese1
Qualifier
based on objectives such as rapid carbon accumulation or stress adaptatione1

Verbatim

e0

“This study focused on six typical shrub species in the arid zone of the Qilian Mountains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–401 · show in text ↑
e1

“Vegetation restoration should select corresponding functional species based on objectives such as rapid carbon accumulation or stress adaptation”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2577–2721 · show in text ↑