Abstract
Native to eastern Iraq and western Iran, Alcea kurdica is a highly polymorphic species with a variety of bioactivities, such as immunomodulatory, enzyme-regulating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Its rich phytochemical profile, which includes flavonoids, phenolic compounds, coumarins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, acidic polysaccharides (like pectins and mucilage), scopoletin, asparagine, tannins, steroidal constituents, proteins, and vital mineral elements, is largely responsible for these qualities. In order to find desirable features for upcoming breeding initiatives and therapeutic uses, the morphological and phytochemical diversity of seven A. kurdica populations was assessed in this work. Total anthocyanin (101.5%), flower dry weight (98.48%), and flower count per plant (88.83%) had the largest coefficient of variance. Out of all the populations under study, AKP2 had the highest bloom dry weight, weighing 16.71 g per plant, while AKP5 had the lowest, weighing 12.79 g per plant. AKP5 and AKP2 populations had the highest levels of mucilage content (23.92% and 15.86%, respectively). From 5.16 mg C3G/g dry weight in AKP3 to 49.68 mg C3G/g dry weight in AKP5, anthocyanin accumulation showed significant variance. Also, the AKP5 population had the highest TPC (23.66 mg GAE/g dry weight), while the AKP2 population had the highest TFC (14.45 mg RE/g dry weight). AKP2 and AKP6 had the highest and lowest total carbohydrate contents, respectively, ranging from 33.64 to 57.41%. The main phenolic chemicals found were apigenin, kaempferol, rutin, and chlorogenic acid. The extraordinary diversity in terms of the studied parameters indicates the ability of different A. kurdica population to be selected and used in breeding, cultivation, and production programs.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Total anthocyanin had the largest coefficient of variance (101.5%) among A. kurdica traits.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“Total anthocyanin (101.5%), flower dry weight (98.48%), and flower count per plant (88.83%) had the largest coefficient of variance”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower dry weight had a large coefficient of variance (98.48%) among A. kurdica populations.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“Total anthocyanin (101.5%), flower dry weight (98.48%), and flower count per plant (88.83%) had the largest coefficient of variance”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower count per plant had a large coefficient of variance (88.83%) among A. kurdica populations.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“Total anthocyanin (101.5%), flower dry weight (98.48%), and flower count per plant (88.83%) had the largest coefficient of variance”
Claim · model-written summary
Population AKP2 had the highest bloom dry weight, 16.71 g per plant.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“AKP2 had the highest bloom dry weight, weighing 16.71 g per plant, while AKP5 had the lowest, weighing 12.79 g per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Population AKP5 had the lowest bloom dry weight, 12.79 g per plant.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“AKP2 had the highest bloom dry weight, weighing 16.71 g per plant, while AKP5 had the lowest, weighing 12.79 g per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Population AKP5 had the highest mucilage content, 23.92%.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“AKP5 and AKP2 populations had the highest levels of mucilage content (23.92% and 15.86%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Population AKP2 had a high mucilage content, 15.86%, the second highest.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“AKP5 and AKP2 populations had the highest levels of mucilage content (23.92% and 15.86%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin accumulation was lowest in AKP3, 5.16 mg C3G/g dry weight, with significant variance among populations.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“From 5.16 mg C3G/g dry weight in AKP3 to 49.68 mg C3G/g dry weight in AKP5, anthocyanin accumulation showed significant variance”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin accumulation was highest in AKP5, 49.68 mg C3G/g dry weight, with significant variance among populations.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“From 5.16 mg C3G/g dry weight in AKP3 to 49.68 mg C3G/g dry weight in AKP5, anthocyanin accumulation showed significant variance”
Claim · model-written summary
Population AKP5 had the highest total phenolic content (TPC), 23.66 mg GAE/g dry weight.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“the AKP5 population had the highest TPC (23.66 mg GAE/g dry weight), while the AKP2 population had the highest TFC (14.45 mg RE/g dry weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Population AKP2 had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC), 14.45 mg RE/g dry weight.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“the AKP5 population had the highest TPC (23.66 mg GAE/g dry weight), while the AKP2 population had the highest TFC (14.45 mg RE/g dry weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
AKP2 and AKP6 had the highest and lowest total carbohydrate contents, respectively, ranging from 33.64 to 57.41%.
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“AKP2 and AKP6 had the highest and lowest total carbohydrate contents, respectively, ranging from 33.64 to 57.41%”
Claim · model-written summary
Apigenin and kaempferol were among the main phenolic chemicals found.
- Taxon
- Alcea KurdicaAlcea kurdicat0
- Outcome
- apigenin, kaempferole0
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“The main phenolic chemicals found were apigenin, kaempferol, rutin, and chlorogenic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Rutin and chlorogenic acid were among the main phenolic chemicals found.
- Taxon
- Alcea KurdicaAlcea kurdicat0
- Outcome
- rutin, and chlorogenic acide0
Verbatim
t0“Alcea Kurdica”
e0“The main phenolic chemicals found were apigenin, kaempferol, rutin, and chlorogenic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the diversity indicates that A. kurdica populations can be selected and used in breeding, cultivation and production programs.
- Taxon
- A. kurdicaAlcea kurdicae0
- Outcome
- selected and used in breeding, cultivation, and production programse0
Verbatim
e0“The extraordinary diversity in terms of the studied parameters indicates the ability of different A. kurdica population to be selected and used in breeding, cultivation, and production programs”