Abstract
ABSTRACT Herbicides are a valuable tool in agricultural ecosystems to manage nuisance species. Due to the reliance on herbicides for weed control, herbicide resistance is a growing concern. Herbicides are also used extensively in aquatic and natural systems, but the genetics and evolutionary dynamics of resistance are not as frequently incorporated into management plans in these systems. In Eurasian watermilfoil, a widespread and heavily managed invasive aquatic weed in the United States, clonal lineages have been characterized as resistant to fluridone, a commonly used phytoene desaturase (PDS)‐inhibitor herbicide. In order to locate genomic loci associated with herbicide resistance, we created an F2 mapping population segregating for fluridone resistance. Using this population, we examined the pds gene for amino acid alterations in resistant individuals and performed bulk segregant analysis between the highly resistant and susceptible F2 individuals. Additionally, we compared pds gene expression between resistant and susceptible strains in control and treated environments using RT‐qPCR. We found no evidence of amino acid alterations to the pds gene in fluridone resistant individuals or increased pds expression in the resistant strain, either in the presence or absence of fluridone. Our QTL mapping identified a putative QTL on chromosome seven, while the gene encoding fluridone's target molecule, phytoene desaturase (PDS) is located on chromosomes 10–12. Our results indicate that fluridone resistance in the Eurasian watermilfoil strain isolated from Lake Lansing, MI, is due to at least one non‐target site mechanism. Characterizing mechanisms of herbicide resistance within invasive plants enables effective and thoughtful herbicide usage, as well as the development of diagnostic biomarkers for resistance in unknown populations.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
No amino acid alterations to the pds gene were found in fluridone-resistant individuals
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum spicatum
Myriophyllum spicatumt0 - Material
- fluridone resistant individualse1
- Gene
- pdse1
- Outcome
- amino acid alterations to the pds genee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Myriophyllum spicatum”
e1“We found no evidence of amino acid alterations to the pds gene in fluridone resistant individuals”
Claim · model-written summary
No increased pds expression was found in the resistant strain with or without fluridone
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatumt0
- Material
- resistant straine2
- Gene
- pdse2
- Outcome
- increased pds expressione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Myriophyllum spicatum”
e2“or increased pds expression in the resistant strain, either in the presence or absence of fluridone”
Claim · model-written summary
QTL mapping identified a putative QTL on chromosome seven associated with fluridone resistance
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatumt0
- Gene
- putative QTL on chromosome sevene3
- Outcome
- QTL mappinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Myriophyllum spicatum”
e3“Our QTL mapping identified a putative QTL on chromosome seven”
Claim · model-written summary
The phytoene desaturase gene is located on chromosomes 10–12
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatumt0
- Gene
- phytoene desaturase (PDS)e4
- Outcome
- is located on chromosomes 10–12e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Myriophyllum spicatum”
e4“phytoene desaturase (PDS) is located on chromosomes 10–12”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone resistance in the Lake Lansing watermilfoil strain is due to at least one non-target site mechanism
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatumt0
- Outcome
- fluridone resistancee5
- Qualifier
- at least one non‐target site mechanisme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Myriophyllum spicatum”
e5“Our results indicate that fluridone resistance in the Eurasian watermilfoil strain isolated from Lake Lansing, MI, is due to at least one non‐target site mechanism”