Abstract
Tocochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) are powerful lipophilic antioxidants, along with other bioactive functions, found in plants. Tocopherols are more common, and present in all plant parts, while tocotrienols are generally only present in the seeds of some plants. Grapeseed ( Vitis vinifera ) one of few household cooking oils to contain predominantly tocotrienols. Meanwhile, tocochromanol profile in other grapevines ( Vitis and other genera of Vitaceae family) is scarcely investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate tocochromanol profiles in the grapevine family ( Ampelocissus , Ampelopsis , Cissus , Cyphostemma , Leea , and Parthenocissus genus), and validate a simplified ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction protocol. Total tocochromanol content ranged 4.9–24.4 mg 100 g -1 dw, all grapevine seeds predominantly contained tocotrienols. The main tocochromanol in Ampelocissus , Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus was generally α-tocotrienol, while γ-tocotrienol was preferentially accumulated in Cyphostemma species’ seeds. Vitis species contained a similar amount of both, and Leea either contained α-tocotrienol, or both. Ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanol, produced 92–98% tocotrienol and 62–86% tocopherol recovery, respectively, compared to the standard saponification protocol. The simplified ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction protocol is suitable for all studied Vitaceae species, facilitating rapid extraction and testing. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis grouped species into two groups: α-tocotrienol or γ-tocotrienol-dominated.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Total seed tocochromanol content across grapevine species ranged from 4.9 to 24.4 mg per 100 g dry weight.
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total tocochromanol content ranged 4.9–24.4 mg 100 g -1 dw”
t0“grapevine (Vitaceae) species”
e1“all grapevine seeds predominantly contained tocotrienols”
Claim · model-written summary
All grapevine seeds predominantly contained tocotrienols.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all grapevine seeds predominantly contained tocotrienols”
Claim · model-written summary
α-tocotrienol was generally the main seed tocochromanol in Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus.
- Taxon
- Ampelocissus , Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus
Parthenocissus
Ampelopsis
Ampelocissuse0 - Outcome
- main tocochromanole0
- Qualifier
- generallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main tocochromanol in Ampelocissus , Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus was generally α-tocotrienol”
Claim · model-written summary
γ-tocotrienol preferentially accumulated in Cyphostemma seeds.
- Taxon
- Cyphostemma
Cyphostemmae0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- γ-tocotrienol was preferentially accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“γ-tocotrienol was preferentially accumulated in Cyphostemma species’ seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitis species contained similar amounts of α- and γ-tocotrienol.
- Outcome
- similar amount of bothe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vitis species contained a similar amount of both”
e1“α-tocotrienol, while γ-tocotrienol”
Claim · model-written summary
Leea contained either α-tocotrienol alone or both main tocotrienols.
- Outcome
- either contained α-tocotrienol, or bothe0
LeeaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leea either contained α-tocotrienol, or both”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction recovered 92–98% of tocotrienols relative to saponification.
- Treatment
- Ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanole0
- Outcome
- tocotrienole0
- Value
- 92–98%e0
- Comparator
- standard saponification protocole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanol, produced 92–98% tocotrienol and 62–86% tocopherol recovery, respectively, compared to the standard saponification protocol”
t0“grapevine (Vitaceae) species”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction recovered 62–86% of tocopherols relative to saponification.
- Treatment
- Ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanole0
- Outcome
- tocopherol recoverye0
- Value
- 62–86%e0
- Comparator
- standard saponification protocole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanol, produced 92–98% tocotrienol and 62–86% tocopherol recovery, respectively, compared to the standard saponification protocol”
t0“grapevine (Vitaceae) species”
Claim · model-written summary
The simplified extraction protocol was suitable for all studied Vitaceae species.
- Outcome
- suitable for all studied Vitaceae speciese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The simplified ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction protocol is suitable for all studied Vitaceae species”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analyses grouped species into α- and γ-tocotrienol-dominated groups.
- Outcome
- two groups: α-tocotrienol or γ-tocotrienol-dominatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis and cluster analysis grouped species into two groups: α-tocotrienol or γ-tocotrienol-dominated”
t0“grapevine (Vitaceae) species”