Abstract
Understanding the physiological and biochemical responses of Beta vulgaris to cadmium toxicity and iron supplementation is crucial for optimizing plant performance under heavy metal contamination scenarios. However, knowledge about how varying iron concentrations mediate cadmium-induced stress responses in sugar beet remains limited. We investigated morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of B. vulgaris exposed to different cadmium concentrations (0, 1, and 2 mg L⁻¹) and iron levels (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg L⁻¹) under hydroponic conditions through a factorial experiment using completely randomized design with three replications. Cadmium concentration and iron supplementation significantly influenced all measured parameters (p ≤ 0.01). Plants receiving 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe consistently demonstrated superior stress tolerance, maintaining higher growth performance, better mineral nutrition, stronger antioxidant defenses, and more effective metabolic regulation under 2 mg L⁻¹ Cd stress compared to control iron levels (2.5 mg L⁻¹). Specifically, higher iron supplementation restored leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and yield to near-control levels, while also reducing cadmium accumulation in both roots and shoots. Oxidative stress mitigation was also more pronounced with 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe treatment, with better restoration of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde levels to control ranges, suggesting more efficient antioxidant defense mechanisms. Mineral nutrition patterns also differed markedly, with higher iron levels improving Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations while simultaneously reducing cadmium uptake and translocation. We conclude that iron supplementation significantly influences B. vulgaris resilience to cadmium toxicity, with 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe emerging as the optimal concentration for cadmium stress mitigation. Relative differences in stress response mechanisms between iron treatments provide insights for phytoremediation strategies, while the quantitative stress response patterns identified offer valuable parameters for optimizing sugar beet cultivation in cadmium-contaminated environments.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and iron significantly influenced all measured parameters.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgarise1 - Treatment
- Cadmium concentration and iron supplementatione0
- Outcome
- all measured parameterse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium concentration and iron supplementation significantly influenced all measured parameters (p ≤ 0.01)”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2 mg L⁻¹ Cd, 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe improved growth performance relative to 2.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fee0
- Outcome
- growth performancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 2 mg L⁻¹ Cd stresse0
- Comparator
- 2.5 mg L⁻¹e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants receiving 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe consistently demonstrated superior stress tolerance, maintaining higher growth performance, better mineral nutrition, stronger antioxidant defenses, and more effective metabolic regulation under 2 mg L⁻¹ Cd stress compared to control iron levels (2.5 mg L⁻¹)”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher iron supplementation restored leaf number, leaf area and yield near control levels.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise1
- Treatment
- higher iron supplementatione0
- Outcome
- leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and yielde0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher iron supplementation restored leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and yield to near-control levels”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher iron supplementation reduced cadmium accumulation in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise2
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Treatment
- higher iron supplementatione1
- Outcome
- cadmium accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing cadmium accumulation in both roots and shoots”
e1“higher iron supplementation restored leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and yield to near-control levels”
e2“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
At 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe, H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde levels returned closer to control ranges.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe treatmente0
- Outcome
- H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde levelse0
- Direction
- better restoratione0
- Comparator
- control rangese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative stress mitigation was also more pronounced with 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe treatment, with better restoration of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde levels to control ranges”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher iron levels improved Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise1
- Treatment
- higher iron levelse0
- Outcome
- Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrationse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher iron levels improving Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher iron levels reduced cadmium uptake and translocation.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise1
- Treatment
- higher iron levelse0
- Outcome
- cadmium uptake and translocatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher iron levels improving Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations while simultaneously reducing cadmium uptake and translocation”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe as the optimal cadmium stress mitigation level.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgarisBeta vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fee0
- Outcome
- optimal concentration for cadmium stress mitigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7.5 mg L⁻¹ Fe emerging as the optimal concentration for cadmium stress mitigation”
e1“Beta vulgaris”
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