Abstract
• Lemongrass shows resilience to saline stress, with fertilizers boosting growth and oil. • Study assesses lemongrass responses to varied fertilizers under different salinity levels. • Salinity decreased yield, yet all fertilizers improved it with no major differences. • Salinity increased antioxidant enzymes, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and oxidative stress. • Correlations found between traits and oil components, showing lemongrass’s adaptability. Lemongrass cultivation is resilient to saline stress across various regions, and the application of different fertilizers enhances both growth and essential oil production. This study investigated the physiological, biochemical, and essential oil component responses of lemongrass to several fertilizer sources, including non-application; nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) chemical fertilizer; nitroxin; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs); and biosulfur. These treatments were evaluated under varying levels of salinity stress in irrigation water (≤10, 100 ± 5, and 200 ± 5 mM) across two climatic regions in Iran: Firuzabad and Varamin. The experimental design utilized a split-plot arrangement within a completely randomized block design with three replications, conducted from 2021 to 2022. High salinity stress resulted in a reduction in plant yield by 12.5 % in Firuzabad and 15.3 % in Varamin. However, the application of various fertilizers mitigated these negative effects, with no significant differences observed among the fertilizer treatments. The highest recorded plant yields were 4183.1 kg.ha⁻¹ in Firuzabad and 4331.9 kg.ha⁻¹ in Varamin. Salinity stress significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (3.28-fold), catalase (6.5-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.6-fold), and ascorbate peroxidase (1.82-fold) in Firuzabad, with specific enzyme responses varying depending on the fertilizer treatment applied. Salinity also raised sodium ion concentrations while decreasing potassium ion content and the potassium-to-sodium ratio. The application of AMFs, Nitroxin, and Biosulfur in Firuzabad, along with all fertilizer levels in Varamin, resulted in elevated sodium and potassium ion levels. Essential oil content increased with salinity, particularly in Varamin, where AMFs led to levels 2.48 times higher than the control treatment. Neral and Geranial were the predominant essential oil components, influenced by salinity and the different fertilizers used. In Firuzabad, NPK chemicals produced the highest Neral content (38 %), whereas AMFs yielded the highest Geranial content (40.3 %). In Varamin, nitroxin exhibited the highest Neral (35.11 %), and AMFs again showed the highest Geranial (33.66 %). Overall, AMFs resulted in the highest average Geranial in both regions. This study highlights the complex correlations between various plant traits and essential oil components, demonstrating that lemongrass cultivation can effectively withstand saline stress. The application of nitroxin and AMFs fertilizers enhances growth, essential oil production, and antioxidant activity, while alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on yield and ion balance.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced yield 12.5% in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratust0 - Treatment
- High salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plant yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 12.5 %e0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High salinity stress resulted in a reduction in plant yield by 12.5 % in Firuzabad and 15.3 % in Varamin”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced yield 15.3% in Varamin.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- High salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plant yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 15.3 %e0
- Setting
- Varamine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High salinity stress resulted in a reduction in plant yield by 12.5 % in Firuzabad and 15.3 % in Varamin”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilisers mitigated salinity yield losses without significant differences among treatments.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- various fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- negative effectse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Qualifier
- no significant differences observed among the fertilizer treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of various fertilizers mitigated these negative effects, with no significant differences observed among the fertilizer treatments”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest yield in Firuzabad was 4183.1 kg.ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Outcome
- plant yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4183.1 kg.ha⁻¹e0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest recorded plant yields were 4183.1 kg.ha⁻¹ in Firuzabad and 4331.9 kg.ha⁻¹ in Varamin”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest yield in Varamin was 4331.9 kg.ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Outcome
- plant yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4331.9 kg.ha⁻¹e0
- Setting
- Varamine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest recorded plant yields were 4183.1 kg.ha⁻¹ in Firuzabad and 4331.9 kg.ha⁻¹ in Varamin”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased peroxidase activity 3.28-fold in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.28-folde0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (3.28-fold), catalase (6.5-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.6-fold), and ascorbate peroxidase (1.82-fold) in Firuzabad”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased catalase activity 6.5-fold in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.5-folde0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (3.28-fold), catalase (6.5-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.6-fold), and ascorbate peroxidase (1.82-fold) in Firuzabad”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased superoxide dismutase activity 1.6-fold in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6-folde0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (3.28-fold), catalase (6.5-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.6-fold), and ascorbate peroxidase (1.82-fold) in Firuzabad”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased ascorbate peroxidase activity 1.82-fold in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.82-folde0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (3.28-fold), catalase (6.5-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.6-fold), and ascorbate peroxidase (1.82-fold) in Firuzabad”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased sodium concentrations.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- sodium ion concentrationse0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity also raised sodium ion concentrations while decreasing potassium ion content and the potassium-to-sodium ratio”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased potassium content and the potassium-to-sodium ratio.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- potassium ion content and the potassium-to-sodium ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity also raised sodium ion concentrations while decreasing potassium ion content and the potassium-to-sodium ratio”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
AMFs, Nitroxin and Biosulfur raised sodium and potassium levels in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- AMFs, Nitroxin, and Biosulfure0
- Interactor
- AMFse0symbiont
- Outcome
- sodium and potassium ion levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of AMFs, Nitroxin, and Biosulfur in Firuzabad, along with all fertilizer levels in Varamin, resulted in elevated sodium and potassium ion levels”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
All fertiliser levels raised sodium and potassium in Varamin.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- all fertilizer levelse0
- Outcome
- sodium and potassium ion levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Setting
- Varamine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all fertilizer levels in Varamin, resulted in elevated sodium and potassium ion levels”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased essential oil content.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Essential oil contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Varamine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil content increased with salinity, particularly in Varamin”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
AMFs raised essential oil content 2.48 times above control in Varamin.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- AMFse0
- Interactor
- AMFse0symbiont
- Outcome
- levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.48 timese0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“where AMFs led to levels 2.48 times higher than the control treatment”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK produced highest Neral content of 38% in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- NPK chemicalse0
- Outcome
- Neral contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 38 %e0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Firuzabad, NPK chemicals produced the highest Neral content (38 %), whereas AMFs yielded the highest Geranial content (40.3 %)”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
AMFs produced highest Geranial content of 40.3% in Firuzabad.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- AMFse0
- Interactor
- AMFse0symbiont
- Outcome
- Geranial contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 40.3 %e0
- Setting
- Firuzabade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Firuzabad, NPK chemicals produced the highest Neral content (38 %), whereas AMFs yielded the highest Geranial content (40.3 %)”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitroxin produced highest Neral content of 35.11% in Varamin.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- nitroxine0
- Outcome
- Nerale0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 35.11 %e0
- Setting
- Varamine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Varamin, nitroxin exhibited the highest Neral (35.11 %), and AMFs again showed the highest Geranial (33.66 %)”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
AMFs produced highest Geranial content of 33.66% in Varamin.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Treatment
- AMFse0
- Interactor
- AMFse0symbiont
- Outcome
- Geraniale0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 33.66 %e0
- Setting
- Varamine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Varamin, nitroxin exhibited the highest Neral (35.11 %), and AMFs again showed the highest Geranial (33.66 %)”
t0“Lemongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Neral and Geranial were predominant oil components.
- Taxon
- LemongrassCymbopogon citratust0
- Outcome
- Neral and Geranial were the predominant essential oil componentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neral and Geranial were the predominant essential oil components”
t0“Lemongrass”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · quality: oil · Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
fertilization · molecular: metabolites · Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salinity · nutrient: content · Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.