Abstract
Year-round greenhouse production of cut roses expanded rapidly in Finland in the 1990s.The use of supplemental lights increased substantially, and in terms of cultivation technique, the traditional upright growing technique was accompanied by the new shoot bending technique.These changes generated new challenges for growers, increasing their need of information about year-round cultivation.The objective of this study was to improve the yield, quality and vase life of greenhouse cut roses in year-round production, with an emphasis on winter-time cultivation.Different growing conditions, growing techniques, cultivars and plant characteristics were studied as determinants of yield, quality and vase life.The effects of different light intensities and daily durations of supplemental lighting on yield and quality were examined.Supplemental light at 65 mol m -2 s -1 PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) was insufficient for winter cultivation with a rest period in mid-winter, and correspondingly, 100 mol m -2 s -1 PPF was insufficient for uninterrupted winter cultivation as far as the quantity and quality of yield are concerned.Lighting at 220 mol m -2 s -1 PPF for 20 h d -1 gave a high yield in dense plantation through all seasons.The efficiency of the duration of supplemental light was dependent on PPF and cultivar.The duration of the rest period and rate of temperature raise at forcing interacted on the yield and quality of young 'Mercedes' plants.Two of the studied combinations resulted in high yields: a 6-week rest period followed by a rapid temperature raise at forcing, and a 2week rest period followed by a slow temperature raise.These results suggest that physiological changes may take place in plants between the second and the sixth week of the cold period which subsequently affect the response to forcing temperature.Pruning, which is usually done in traditional upright growing method, was compared with the shoot bending technique at the beginning of forcing after the rest period.Pruning leaves the plants almost or completely leafless, while bending retains the photosynthesizing leaves in the plants.In comparison with pruning, shoot bending increased yield quantity and shoot length in 'Mercedes' and 'Frisco'.Blind shoot bending was also compared with shoot cutting after harvest.Bending increased the yield of 'Mercedes' but not that of 'Frisco', which is a more vigorous cultivar than 'Mercedes'.Length of the flowering shoots was, however, increased by bending in both cultivars.In the traditional growing technique, leaves remaining on the mother canes after harvest seemed to support good flower production in strongly growing cultivars.Hence, harvesting height is of importance.Combined effects of various bending and harvesting heights on the yield quantity and quality were also investigated.High bending and high harvesting height at the beginning of cultivation resulted in an increased number of flowering shoots.This combination gave a crown with leaves and a high number of good quality bottom breaks, which are necessary for good flower production.Leafy plants did not need many bent shoots simultaneously; 1-3 shoots were enough.High harvesting height decreased the percentage of long flowering shoots compared with low height.Dense plantation in shoot bending growing technique ensured high production.The growing technique had a minor effect on vase life.Cultivation conditions had varied effects on vase life.The duration of supplemental light affected vase life differently, depending on the cultivar.Daily light duration and different number of night-time breaks in lighting affected the vase life of 'Frisco'.Increased risk for short vase life seemed to be associated with high plant level variation within treatments.Estimation of plant specific hazards might provide us with new insights for understanding the flowers' behaviour in vase.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental lighting at 65 mol m -2 s -1 PPF was insufficient for winter cultivation with a midwinter rest.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- Supplemental light at 65 mol m -2 s -1 PPFe0
- Outcome
- winter cultivatione0
- Direction
- insufficiente0
- Qualifier
- with a rest period in mid-wintere0
- Setting
- winter cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Supplemental light at 65 mol m -2 s -1 PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) was insufficient for winter cultivation with a rest period in mid-winter”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental lighting at 100 mol m -2 s -1 PPF was insufficient for uninterrupted winter cultivation yield quantity and quality.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- 100 mol m -2 s -1 PPFe0
- Outcome
- quantity and quality of yielde0
- Direction
- insufficiente0
- Setting
- winter cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“100 mol m -2 s -1 PPF was insufficient for uninterrupted winter cultivation as far as the quantity and quality of yield are concerned”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Lighting at 220 mol m -2 s -1 PPF for 20 h d -1 gave high yield in dense plantations across seasons.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- Lighting at 220 mol m -2 s -1 PPF for 20 h d -1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- through all seasonse0
- Setting
- dense plantatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Lighting at 220 mol m -2 s -1 PPF for 20 h d -1 gave a high yield in dense plantation through all seasons”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
The effectiveness of supplemental-light duration depended on PPF and cultivar.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- PPFe0
- Outcome
- efficiency of the duration of supplemental lighte0
- Qualifier
- cultivare0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The efficiency of the duration of supplemental light was dependent on PPF and cultivar”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Rest-period duration and temperature-rise rate interacted in determining yield and quality of young Mercedes roses.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Material
- 'Mercedes'e0
- Treatment
- duration of the rest period and rate of temperature raise at forcinge0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The duration of the rest period and rate of temperature raise at forcing interacted on the yield and quality of young 'Mercedes' plants”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
A six-week rest followed by rapid temperature increase at forcing yielded highly.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- a 6-week rest period followed by a rapid temperature raise at forcinge0
- Outcome
- high yieldse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Two of the studied combinations resulted in high yields: a 6-week rest period followed by a rapid temperature raise at forcing”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
A two-week rest followed by slow temperature increase at forcing yielded highly.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- a 2week rest period followed by a slow temperature raisee0
- Outcome
- high yieldse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Two of the studied combinations resulted in high yields: a 6-week rest period followed by a rapid temperature raise at forcing, and a 2week rest period followed by a slow temperature raise”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot bending increased yield quantity and shoot length in Mercedes compared with pruning.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with pruning, shoot bending increased yield quantity and shoot length in 'Mercedes' and 'Frisco'”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot bending increased yield quantity and shoot length in Frisco compared with pruning.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with pruning, shoot bending increased yield quantity and shoot length in 'Mercedes' and 'Frisco'”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Bending blind shoots increased Mercedes yield compared with cutting after harvest.
Verbatim
e0“Blind shoot bending was also compared with shoot cutting after harvest.Bending increased the yield of 'Mercedes'”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Bending blind shoots did not increase Frisco yield compared with cutting after harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bending increased the yield of 'Mercedes' but not that of 'Frisco'”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Bending increased flowering shoot length in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- bendinge0
- Outcome
- Length of the flowering shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Length of the flowering shoots was, however, increased by bending in both cultivars”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves remaining on mother canes after harvest appeared to support flower production in strongly growing cultivars.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- flower productione0
- Qualifier
- strongly growing cultivarse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“leaves remaining on the mother canes after harvest seemed to support good flower production in strongly growing cultivars”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
High bending and harvesting height increased the number of flowering shoots.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- High bending and high harvesting heighte0
- Outcome
- number of flowering shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“High bending and high harvesting height at the beginning of cultivation resulted in an increased number of flowering shoots”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
High bending and harvesting height produced many good-quality bottom breaks.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- High bending and high harvesting heighte0
- Outcome
- good quality bottom breakse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“High bending and high harvesting height at the beginning of cultivation resulted in an increased number of flowering shoots.This combination gave a crown with leaves and a high number of good quality bottom breaks”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
One to three bent shoots sufficed for leafy rose plants.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy plants did not need many bent shoots simultaneously; 1-3 shoots were enough”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
High harvesting height decreased the percentage of long flowering shoots relative to low height.
Verbatim
e0“High harvesting height decreased the percentage of long flowering shoots compared with low height”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense planting in shoot-bending cultivation ensured high production.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- Dense plantation in shoot bending growing techniquee0
- Outcome
- productione0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dense plantation in shoot bending growing technique ensured high production”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing technique had a minor effect on vase life.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The growing technique had a minor effect on vase life”
t0“cut roses”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental-light duration affected vase life differently among cultivars.
- Taxon
- cut rosest0
- Treatment
- duration of supplemental lighte0
- Outcome
- vase lifee0
- Qualifier
- depending on the cultivare0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The duration of supplemental light affected vase life differently, depending on the cultivar”
t0“cut roses”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.