Abstract
More than 80 diseases have been recorded on soybean (Glycine max) in Australia, and of these only a handful can be considered to have had a significant impact on commercial crops. Charcoal rot (caused by Macrophomina phaseolina), sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora sojae) are the most important root and stem pathogens, whilst rust (Phakospora pachyrhizi) can be considered to be the worst foliar pathogen. Losses from these endemic diseases can be effectively managed through Integrated Disease Management strategies, including plant resistance, paddock selection, optimum planting density and timing, and in the case of rust, timely fungicide sprays. At least 17 pathotypes of Phytophthora sojae have been recorded in Australia, and overseas several pathotypes of Phakopsora pachyrhizi are known. New pathotypes of these pathogens will appear when soybean varieties with a single gene for resistance are grown in regions and years favourable for disease development. Prior to 2012 powdery mildew (Erisyphe diffusa) had not been recorded in Australia, although there is evidence that the pathogen had been present before then. The disease's potential future impact on production is unknown. Among the diseases which are exotic to Australia, soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), sudden wilt syndrome (several Fusarium species), and brown spot (Mycosphaerella uspenskajae) and are the greatest risk to the Australian soybean industry. The first two pathogens are soilborne, whilst the brown spot pathogen is seed- and stubble-borne, so their entry into Australia is possible in machinery and on boots contaminated with infested soil or stubble fragments. Surveillance of pathotypes of endemic diseases, of emerging endemic diseases such as powdery mildew, and of possible modes of entry of significant exotic soybean diseases into Australia needs to be conducted with vigilance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Charcoal rot, sclerotinia stem rot and phytophthora root rot are the most important root and stem pathogens of soybean
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen - Outcome
- most important root and stem pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e0“Charcoal rot (caused by Macrophomina phaseolina), sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora sojae) are the most important root and stem pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust is considered the worst foliar pathogen of soybean
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Phakospora pachyrhizie1pathogen
- Outcome
- worst foliar pathogene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e1“rust (Phakospora pachyrhizi) can be considered to be the worst foliar pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 80 diseases have been recorded on soybean in Australia
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Outcome
- diseases have been recordede2
- Value
- More than 80e2
- Setting
- in Australiae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e2“More than 80 diseases have been recorded on soybean (Glycine max) in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Only a handful of soybean diseases in Australia have had a significant impact on commercial crops
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- significant impact on commercial cropse3
- Qualifier
- only a handfule3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e3“only a handful can be considered to have had a significant impact on commercial crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Losses from endemic soybean diseases can be effectively managed through Integrated Disease Management strategies
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Integrated Disease Management strategiese4
- Outcome
- Losses from these endemic diseasese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e4“Losses from these endemic diseases can be effectively managed through Integrated Disease Management strategies, including plant resistance, paddock selection, optimum planting density and timing, and in the case of rust, timely fungicide sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
At least 17 pathotypes of Phytophthora sojae have been recorded in Australia
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee5pathogen
- Outcome
- pathotypese5
- Value
- At least 17e5
- Setting
- in Australiae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e5“At least 17 pathotypes of Phytophthora sojae have been recorded in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew (Erisyphe diffusa) had not been recorded on soybean in Australia before 2012
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Erisyphe diffusae6pathogen
- Outcome
- powdery mildewe6
- Qualifier
- Prior to 2012e6
- Setting
- in Australiae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e6“Prior to 2012 powdery mildew (Erisyphe diffusa) had not been recorded in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean cyst nematode and brown spot are the greatest exotic risks to the Australian soybean industry
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Heterodera glycines
Heterodera glycinese7pathogen - Second interactor
- Mycosphaerella uspenskajaee7pathogen
- Outcome
- greatest risk to the Australian soybean industrye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e7“soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), sudden wilt syndrome (several Fusarium species), and brown spot (Mycosphaerella uspenskajae) and are the greatest risk to the Australian soybean industry”
Claim · model-written summary
Surveillance of pathotypes, emerging endemic diseases and exotic entry pathways of soybean diseases needs to be conducted with vigilance
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Surveillance of pathotypes of endemic diseasese4
- Qualifier
- with vigilancee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e4“Surveillance of pathotypes of endemic diseases, of emerging endemic diseases such as powdery mildew, and of possible modes of entry of significant exotic soybean diseases into Australia needs to be conducted with vigilance”
Claim · model-written summary
New pathotypes of soybean pathogens will appear when single-gene resistant varieties are grown under favourable conditions
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- New pathotypes of these pathogense5
- Qualifier
- when soybean varieties with a single gene for resistance are growne5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Australian soybean industry”
e5“New pathotypes of these pathogens will appear when soybean varieties with a single gene for resistance are grown in regions and years favourable for disease development”