Abstract
Drought stress is a major limitation to legume productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigated the effectiveness of two novel natural biostimulant formulations (NBFs), composed of bee honey, potassium iodate, and silymarin selected for their complementary antioxidant and osmoprotective functions in enhancing drought tolerance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plants were subjected to deficit irrigation (withholding one irrigation after every two cycles) and foliar-sprayed with NBFs containing either 7.5 g L⁻¹ (F1) or 15 g L⁻¹ (F2) bee honey combined with 25 mg L⁻¹ potassium iodate and 0.2 mg L⁻¹ silymarin. Deficit irrigation markedly reduced growth, photosynthetic pigments, water status, and yield, while elevating oxidative stress markers. Application of NBFs significantly alleviated these adverse effects by enhancing osmolyte accumulation, improving antioxidant defenses, and restoring photosynthetic efficiency. Hormonal regulation was also improved, with increases in auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins, alongside reduced abscisic acid levels. Notably, F2 was more effective than F1 in maintaining leaf integrity and maximizing pod yield under drought. These results highlight the potential of honey-iodine-silymarin formulations as eco-friendly, cost-effective biostimulants to promote crop resilience and productivity under water-limited conditions, contributing to sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced faba bean growth.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- Deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deficit irrigation markedly reduced growth, photosynthetic pigments, water status, and yield, while elevating oxidative stress markers”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced faba bean photosynthetic pigments and water status.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, water statuse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deficit irrigation markedly reduced growth, photosynthetic pigments, water status, and yield, while elevating oxidative stress markers”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced faba bean yield.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deficit irrigation markedly reduced growth, photosynthetic pigments, water status, and yield, while elevating oxidative stress markers”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation raised oxidative stress markers in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress markerse0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deficit irrigation markedly reduced growth, photosynthetic pigments, water status, and yield, while elevating oxidative stress markers”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant formulations enhanced osmolyte accumulation in faba bean under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NBFse0
- Outcome
- osmolyte accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NBFs significantly alleviated these adverse effects by enhancing osmolyte accumulation, improving antioxidant defenses, and restoring photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant formulations improved antioxidant defenses in faba bean under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NBFse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defensese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NBFs significantly alleviated these adverse effects by enhancing osmolyte accumulation, improving antioxidant defenses, and restoring photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant formulations restored photosynthetic efficiency in faba bean under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NBFse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- restoringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NBFs significantly alleviated these adverse effects by enhancing osmolyte accumulation, improving antioxidant defenses, and restoring photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant formulations increased faba bean auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NBFse1
- Outcome
- auxin, gibberellins, and cytokininse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hormonal regulation was also improved, with increases in auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins, alongside reduced abscisic acid levels”
t0“faba bean”
e1“Application of NBFs significantly alleviated these adverse effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant formulations reduced faba bean abscisic acid levels.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NBFse1
- Outcome
- abscisic acid levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hormonal regulation was also improved, with increases in auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins, alongside reduced abscisic acid levels”
t0“faba bean”
e1“Application of NBFs significantly alleviated these adverse effects”
Claim · model-written summary
F2 better maintained leaf integrity than F1 under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- F2e0
- Outcome
- leaf integritye0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- under droughte0
- Comparator
- F1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F2 was more effective than F1 in maintaining leaf integrity and maximizing pod yield under drought”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
F2 produced greater pod yield than F1 under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- F2e0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- maximizinge0
- Qualifier
- under droughte0
- Comparator
- F1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F2 was more effective than F1 in maintaining leaf integrity and maximizing pod yield under drought”
t0“faba bean”
The same questions in other papers
other · molecular: metabolites · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
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See all 5 papers →irrigation · growth · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
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See all 33 papers →irrigation · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 49 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 62 papers →irrigation · physiology: oxidative · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
other · physiology: hormones · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
irrigation · physiology: photosynthesis · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
other · physiology: photosynthesis · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
other · physiology: osmolytes · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.