Abstract
Guava is a major fruit crop in sodic soil regions of north-western India. However, the responses of guava to sodic irrigation in terms of growth, physiology, and fruit quality remain elusive. This study evaluated the effects of sodic irrigation with varying residual sodium carbonate (RSC; 2.5-7.5 meq L⁻¹), with or without amendments (gypsum and press mud), on the growth, physiological traits, mineral nutrition, and fruit quality of guava cv. Taiwan Pink over two consecutive seasons. Sodic irrigation markedly suppressed plant growth, including height, canopy spread, stem girth, leaf area, and branching, with greater reductions at higher RSC levels (5.0-7.5 meq L⁻¹). Photosynthetic rate, leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, osmotic potential, and membrane stability also declined under sodicity stress, whereas proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) activities increased, reflecting adaptive responses to sodicity-induced osmotic and oxidative stresses. Sodic conditions reduced leaf K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents and increased Na⁺ accumulation. Despite these physiological and biochemical disruptions, fruit quality attributes remained largely stable across treatments. Principal component analysis indicated strong interrelationships among growth and physiological traits, whereas fruit quality traits formed a distinct cluster, and Na⁺ accumulation and stress indicators were negatively associated with plant vigor. Gypsum was more effective than press mud in alleviating sodicity stress, enhancing the plant growth, increasing photosynthetic rate (~ 10%) and chlorophyll content (4-6%), and reducing leaf Na⁺ (9.8-38.2%) across RSC levels, compared to comparatively smaller improvements achieved with press mud. Overall, the findings indicate that Taiwan Pink guava can tolerate moderate sodicity without appreciable declines in fruit quality, and that soil amendments- especially gypsum- effectively improved plant growth and physiological performance under sodic irrigation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Sodic irrigation suppressed guava growth, with greater reductions at higher RSC levels.
- Taxon
- Guava
Psidium guajavat0 - Treatment
- Sodic irrigatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- higher RSC levels (5.0-7.5 meq L⁻¹)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodic irrigation markedly suppressed plant growth, including height, canopy spread, stem girth, leaf area, and branching, with greater reductions at higher RSC levels (5.0-7.5 meq L⁻¹).”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodicity stress decreased photosynthetic and water status traits.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- sodicity stresse0
- Outcome
- Photosynthetic rate, leaf chlorophyll content, relative water contente0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic rate, leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, osmotic potential, and membrane stability also declined under sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodicity stress decreased osmotic potential and membrane stability.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- sodicity stresse0
- Outcome
- osmotic potential, and membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“osmotic potential, and membrane stability also declined under sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodicity stress increased proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- sodicity stresse1
- Outcome
- proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) activities increased”
e1“under sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodic conditions reduced leaf K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- Sodic conditionse0
- Outcome
- leaf K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodic conditions reduced leaf K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodic conditions increased Na⁺ accumulation.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- Sodic conditionse0
- Outcome
- Na⁺ accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodic conditions reduced leaf K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents and increased Na⁺ accumulation”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit quality attributes remained largely stable across treatments.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit quality attributese0
- Direction
- stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit quality attributes remained largely stable across treatments”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth and physiological traits had strong interrelationships.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Outcome
- growth and physiological traitse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis indicated strong interrelationships among growth and physiological traits”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit quality traits formed a distinct cluster.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Outcome
- fruit quality traits formed a distinct clustere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit quality traits formed a distinct cluster”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Na⁺ accumulation and stress indicators were negatively associated with plant vigor.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Compound
- Na⁺e0
- Outcome
- plant vigore0
- Direction
- negatively associatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na⁺ accumulation and stress indicators were negatively associated with plant vigor”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum alleviated sodicity stress more effectively than press mud.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- Gypsume0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- press mude0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum was more effective than press mud in alleviating sodicity stress, enhancing the plant growth”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased photosynthetic rate by about 10% across RSC levels.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- Gypsume1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- ~ 10%e0
- Comparator
- press mude1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing photosynthetic rate (~ 10%)”
e1“Gypsum was more effective than press mud in alleviating sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased chlorophyll content by 4-6% across RSC levels.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- Gypsume1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 4-6%e0
- Comparator
- press mude1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content (4-6%)”
e1“Gypsum was more effective than press mud in alleviating sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum reduced leaf Na⁺ by 9.8-38.2% across RSC levels.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- Gypsume1
- Outcome
- leaf Na⁺e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 9.8-38.2%e0
- Comparator
- press mude1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing leaf Na⁺ (9.8-38.2%) across RSC levels”
e1“Gypsum was more effective than press mud in alleviating sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
Claim · model-written summary
Press mud produced smaller improvements than gypsum.
- Taxon
- GuavaPsidium guajavat0
- Treatment
- press mude0
- Outcome
- improvementse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- Gypsume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“comparatively smaller improvements achieved with press mud”
e1“Gypsum was more effective than press mud in alleviating sodicity stress”
t0“Guava”
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