Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplemental LED lighting regime (morning, afternoon, and all-day) on the vegetative growth, reproductive development, yield, and water-soluble vitamin content of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours.Supplemental lighting regimes included morning lighting from 05:00 to 10:00 (T 1 ), afternoon lighting from 16:00 to 21:00 (T 2 ), all-day lighting for 16 hours from 06:00 to 22:00 (T 3 ), and a control with no supplemental lighting (T 0 ).Results demonstrated that morning lighting (T 1 ) significantly enhanced plant height, leaf length, number of leaves and leaf area, indicating effective promotion of vigorous vegetative growth during early development.In contrast, all-day lighting (T 3 ) reduced vegetative growth but significantly increased stem diameter, node length to first flower, and fruit set, suggesting facilitation of the transition to reproductive growth.Accordingly, T 3 resulted in significantly higher cumulative yield and fruit weight compared to the control, with a marketable fruit rate of 92.0%.Afternoon lighting (T 2 ) showed positive effects on overall growth and yield, particularly contributing to increased fruit size during the enlargement stage.Analysis of fruit water-soluble vitamins revealed distinct responses to lighting periods: T 1 elevated vitamins B 1 and B 5 contents, while T 3 markedly increased vitamin B 2 concentration.Vitamin C content was highest in T 3 and T 0 , possibly reflecting physiological stress and antioxidant accumulation under differing light environments.These findings suggest that a growth stage specific supplemental lighting strategy such as morning lighting to maintain vegetative vigor during early growth and all-day lighting to enhance reproductive growth and yield can optimize sweet pepper production under winter light deficit conditions in a greenhouse.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Morning lighting significantly enhanced plant height, leaf length and number of leaves of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepper
Capsicum annuume0 - Treatment
- morning lightinge1
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf length, number of leavese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e1“morning lighting (T 1 ) significantly enhanced plant height, leaf length, number of leaves and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Morning lighting significantly enhanced leaf area of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- morning lightinge1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e1“morning lighting (T 1 ) significantly enhanced plant height, leaf length, number of leaves and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
All-day lighting reduced vegetative growth of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- all-day lighting (T 3 )e2
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e2“all-day lighting (T 3 ) reduced vegetative growth”
Claim · model-written summary
All-day lighting significantly increased stem diameter, node length to first flower and fruit set of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- all-day lighting (T 3 )e3
- Outcome
- stem diameter, node length to first flower, and fruit sete3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e3“all-day lighting (T 3 ) reduced vegetative growth but significantly increased stem diameter, node length to first flower, and fruit set”
Claim · model-written summary
All-day lighting (T 3) significantly increased cumulative yield and fruit weight of sweet pepper compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- T 3e4
- Outcome
- cumulative yield and fruit weighte4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- controle4
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e4“T 3 resulted in significantly higher cumulative yield and fruit weight compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Under all-day lighting (T 3) the marketable fruit rate of sweet pepper was 92.0%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- T 3e4
- Outcome
- marketable fruit ratee5
- Value
- 92.0%e5
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e4“T 3 resulted in significantly higher cumulative yield and fruit weight compared to the control”
e5“with a marketable fruit rate of 92.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Afternoon lighting showed positive effects on overall growth and yield of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- Afternoon lighting (T 2 )e6
- Outcome
- overall growth and yielde6
- Direction
- positivee6
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e6“Afternoon lighting (T 2 ) showed positive effects on overall growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Afternoon lighting increased fruit size of sweet pepper during the enlargement stage.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Organ / stage
- enlargement stagee7
- Treatment
- Afternoon lighting (T 2 )e7
- Outcome
- fruit sizee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Setting
- winter seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e7“Afternoon lighting (T 2 ) showed positive effects on overall growth and yield, particularly contributing to increased fruit size during the enlargement stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Morning lighting (T 1) elevated fruit vitamin B1 and B5 contents of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- T 1e1
- Outcome
- vitamins B 1 and B 5 contentse1
- Direction
- elevatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e1“T 1 elevated vitamins B 1 and B 5 contents”
Claim · model-written summary
All-day lighting (T 3) markedly increased fruit vitamin B2 concentration of sweet pepper.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- T 3e2
- Outcome
- vitamin B 2 concentratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e2“T 3 markedly increased vitamin B 2 concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C content of sweet pepper fruit was highest under T 3 and T 0.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Outcome
- Vitamin C contente3
- Direction
- higheste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e3“Vitamin C content was highest in T 3 and T 0 , possibly reflecting physiological stress and antioxidant accumulation under differing light environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C accumulation under differing light environments may reflect physiological stress and antioxidant accumulation.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Outcome
- Vitamin C contente3
- Qualifier
- physiological stress and antioxidant accumulatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in winter season under deficit sunlight hours”
e3“Vitamin C content was highest in T 3 and T 0 , possibly reflecting physiological stress and antioxidant accumulation under differing light environments”
The same questions in other papers
light · yield · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results differ
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See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.