Abstract
Wheat production in semi-arid regions faces increasing challenges from drought, heat, and salinity stress, intensified by climate change. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies combined with different irrigation regimes on the physiological performance, nutrient dynamics, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan). Over two growing seasons (2022–2024), field experiments were conducted under two irrigation regimes: full irrigation (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI). INM treatments included foliar biostimulants (F: fulvic acid, seaweed extract, potassium silicate, amino acids), biofertilizer with humic acid (BH), and their combination (F+BH). Physiological parameters, nutrient concentrations, yield components, and WUE were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify key determinants of yield. DI reduced photosynthesis (15.9 %) and macronutrient uptake, while increasing grain micronutrient levels (Fe, Zn, Mn). The F+BH treatment significantly enhanced flag leaf nutrient concentrations (e.g., 20.6 % P, 17.5 % Zn), improved photosynthetic rate (60 %), and maintained plant water status under both FI and DI. FI+F+BH achieved the highest grain yield (5400 kg ha⁻¹), while DI+F+BH produced 5000 kg ha⁻¹ using 36 % less water, improving WUE by 41 % and achieving the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.73). Integrating biostimulants and biofertilizers with deficit irrigation enhances wheat resilience, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic capacity, and economic efficiency. These strategies offer a sustainable approach for optimizing productivity and resource use in semi-arid, water-limited environments. • F+BH treatment improved wheat nutrient uptake and grain quality under drought stress. • Deficit irrigation with F+BH increased water use efficiency by over 40 %. • F+BH enhanced photosynthesis, RWC, and reduced proline under water stress. • PCA revealed photosynthesis and nutrients as key yield drivers under drought. • F+BH under deficit irrigation achieved the highest benefit-to-cost ratio (1.73).
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced wheat photosynthesis by 15.9%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 15.9 %e0
- Comparator
- full irrigation (FI)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI reduced photosynthesis (15.9 %)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
e2“full irrigation (FI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced macronutrient uptake in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- macronutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- full irrigation (FI)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI reduced photosynthesis (15.9 %) and macronutrient uptake”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
e2“full irrigation (FI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased wheat grain Fe, Zn and Mn levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- DIe3
- Outcome
- grain micronutrient levels (Fe, Zn, Mn)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- full irrigation (FI)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing grain micronutrient levels (Fe, Zn, Mn)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
e2“full irrigation (FI)”
e3“DI reduced photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH significantly raised flag leaf phosphorus concentration by 20.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- F+BHe0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 20.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The F+BH treatment significantly enhanced flag leaf nutrient concentrations (e.g., 20.6 % P, 17.5 % Zn)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH significantly raised flag leaf zinc concentration by 17.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- F+BHe0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 17.5 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The F+BH treatment significantly enhanced flag leaf nutrient concentrations (e.g., 20.6 % P, 17.5 % Zn)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH improved wheat photosynthetic rate by 60%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- F+BHe1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 60 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved photosynthetic rate (60 %)”
e1“The F+BH treatment significantly enhanced”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH maintained wheat water status under both irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- F+BHe1
- Outcome
- plant water statuse0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Qualifier
- under both FI and DIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintained plant water status under both FI and DI”
e1“The F+BH treatment significantly enhanced”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
FI+F+BH produced the highest wheat grain yield, 5400 kg ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FI+F+BHe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5400 kg ha⁻¹e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FI+F+BH achieved the highest grain yield (5400 kg ha⁻¹)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
DI+F+BH produced 5000 kg ha⁻¹ wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- DI+F+BHe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Value
- 5000 kg ha⁻¹e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI+F+BH produced 5000 kg ha⁻¹”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
e2“grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
DI+F+BH used 36% less water.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI+F+BH produced 5000 kg ha⁻¹ using 36 % less water”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
DI+F+BH improved wheat water use efficiency by 41%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving WUE by 41 %”
e1“DI+F+BH produced 5000 kg ha⁻¹”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
DI+F+BH achieved the highest benefit-cost ratio, 1.73.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- DI+F+BHe1
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.73e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieving the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.73)”
e1“DI+F+BH produced 5000 kg ha⁻¹”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH enhanced wheat relative water content under water stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- F+BHe0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F+BH enhanced photosynthesis, RWC, and reduced proline under water stress.”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH reduced wheat proline under water stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- F+BHe0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F+BH enhanced photosynthesis, RWC, and reduced proline under water stress.”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA identified photosynthesis and nutrients as key yield drivers under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- photosynthesis and nutrientse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCA revealed photosynthesis and nutrients as key yield drivers under drought.”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sirvan)”
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