Abstract
Lodging is one of the key limiting factors in achieving high wheat yield. The application of plant growth retardants (PGRts) is regarded as an effective practice to prevent lodging. For accurate PGRt selection and the establishment of stable, high-yield production plans, it is essential to make clear the regulation strategies for lodging resistance and yield in PGRts. Field experiments were conducted at two test sites. At the initial jointing stage of wheat, Chlormequat Chloride (CCC) or Uniconazole (S3307) was sprayed. Compared with the control (CK), spraying CCC or S3307 significantly reduced the culm lodging index (CLI) and decreased the lodging rate from 7.1% to 15.6%. CCC was more capable of adjusting plant morphology (reducing plant height and second internode length and increasing stem diameter), while S3307 was more effective in enhancing breaking strength. The contents of GA, IAA, and zeatin nucleoside (ZR) and the activities of lignin-related enzymes (TAL and CAD) were significantly correlated with different stem indicators and CLI. Compared with CK, the yield after spraying CCC or S3307 increased by 6.5% and 6.0%, respectively. CCC mainly enhanced the yield by increasing grain weight per spike and the SPAD value of leaves, while S3307 mainly did so by increasing the number of spikes and the effective leaf area. Moreover, carbon metabolism-related enzymes (Rubisco, SS, and SPS) were significantly positively correlated with the yield. The enzyme activity of CCC was higher at the heading stage, while that of S3307 was higher at the filling stage. Hence, spraying CCC or S3307 can significantly enhance lodging resistance and yield. The optimal PGRts should be selected based on the climate and the growth stage of the wheat.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
CCC reduced wheat culm lodging index and lodging rate.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- culm lodging index (CLI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.1% to 15.6%e0
- Qualifier
- lodging ratee0
- Comparator
- control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control (CK), spraying CCC or S3307 significantly reduced the culm lodging index (CLI) and decreased the lodging rate from 7.1% to 15.6%.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S3307 reduced wheat culm lodging index and lodging rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S3307e0
- Outcome
- culm lodging index (CLI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.1% to 15.6%e0
- Qualifier
- lodging ratee0
- Comparator
- control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control (CK), spraying CCC or S3307 significantly reduced the culm lodging index (CLI) and decreased the lodging rate from 7.1% to 15.6%.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC reduced wheat plant height and second internode length.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- plant height and second internode lengthe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CCC was more capable of adjusting plant morphology (reducing plant height and second internode length and increasing stem diameter)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased wheat stem diameter.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CCC was more capable of adjusting plant morphology (reducing plant height and second internode length and increasing stem diameter)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S3307 was more effective in enhancing wheat breaking strength.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S3307e0
- Outcome
- breaking strengthe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while S3307 was more effective in enhancing breaking strength.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormone contents and lignin-related enzyme activities correlated significantly with stem indicators and CLI.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TAL and CADe0
- Compound
- GA, IAA, and zeatin nucleoside (ZR)e0
- Outcome
- different stem indicators and CLIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of GA, IAA, and zeatin nucleoside (ZR) and the activities of lignin-related enzymes (TAL and CAD) were significantly correlated with different stem indicators and CLI.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased wheat yield by 6.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.5%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CK, the yield after spraying CCC or S3307 increased by 6.5% and 6.0%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S3307 increased wheat yield by 6.0%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S3307e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.0%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CK, the yield after spraying CCC or S3307 increased by 6.5% and 6.0%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC increased grain weight per spike and leaf SPAD value.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- grain weight per spike and the SPAD value of leavese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CCC mainly enhanced the yield by increasing grain weight per spike and the SPAD value of leaves”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S3307 increased spike number and effective leaf area.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S3307e0
- Outcome
- number of spikes and the effective leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S3307 mainly did so by increasing the number of spikes and the effective leaf area.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon metabolism enzyme activities correlated positively with wheat yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- Rubisco, SS, and SPSe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbon metabolism-related enzymes (Rubisco, SS, and SPS) were significantly positively correlated with the yield.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC-associated enzyme activity was higher at heading.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enzyme activity of CCC was higher at the heading stage”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S3307-associated enzyme activity was higher at filling.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- filling stagee0
- Outcome
- S3307e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while that of S3307 was higher at the filling stage.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend selecting PGRts based on climate and wheat growth stage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- PGRts should be selected based on the climate and the growth stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal PGRts should be selected based on the climate and the growth stage of the wheat.”
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