Abstract
To investigate effects of some plant growth elicitors on rosemary under drought stress, a CRD factorial experiment was conducted at Shahrekord University, Iran. Full irrigation and drought stress (50 % full irrigation) as first factor, and varying concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (100, 200, and 400 mg/L), L -phenylalanine (80, 160, and 320 mg/L), and lovastatin (40, 80, and 160 mg/L), along with a control as second factor were examined. Drought increased antioxidant activity (5 %), but decreased chlorophyll b (40 %), essential oil yield (12.6 %), and shoot dry weight (16.6 %), while foliar spraying with optimal concentrations of 200 mg/L SA and 320 mg/L L -phenylalanine under these conditions increased chlorophyll a , carotenoids, essential oil content, PAL enzyme activity, phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Main components of rosemary essential oil were α-pinene (11.9 %), camphor (12.9 %), 1,8-cineole (7.6 %), camphene (3.8 %), borneol (10.4 %), verbenone (4.9 %), and bornyl acetate (12.9 %) which reduced under drought, except for borneol and bornyl acetate. SA (100 mg/L) increased α-pinene (116 %), camphene (94 %) and 1,8-cineole (50.6 %), while 200 mg/L SA increased verbenone (58 %) and 320 mg/L L -phenylalanine increased borneol (20.6 %) and bornyl acetate (33.7 %). Higher concentrations of SA and L -phenylalanine decreased hydrocarbon monoterpenes while increased oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, lovastatin likely redirected the energy towards other pathways, such as carotenoids, which prevent hydrocarbon monoterpenes conversion to oxygenated ones. Overall, it can be stated that SA, L -phenylalanine, and lovastatin improve plant performance especially under drought condition by enhancing specific pathways, thereby alleviating adverse effects of stress might be offers potential for special purposes. • Salicylic acid improved growth and tolerance against drought stress. • L-Phenylalanine increased essential oil and stimulated phenol and flavonoid biosynthesis. • Lovastatin enhanced carotenoids and isoprenoid pigments.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased antioxidant activity by 5 %.
- Taxon
- rosemary
Salvia rosmarinust0 - Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased antioxidant activity (5 %), but decreased chlorophyll b (40 %), essential oil yield (12.6 %), and shoot dry weight (16.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased chlorophyll b by 40 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 40 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased antioxidant activity (5 %), but decreased chlorophyll b (40 %), essential oil yield (12.6 %), and shoot dry weight (16.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased essential oil yield by 12.6 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 12.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased antioxidant activity (5 %), but decreased chlorophyll b (40 %), essential oil yield (12.6 %), and shoot dry weight (16.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased shoot dry weight by 16.6 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased antioxidant activity (5 %), but decreased chlorophyll b (40 %), essential oil yield (12.6 %), and shoot dry weight (16.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal 200 mg/L SA under drought increased chlorophyll a, carotenoids and essential oil content.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- 200 mg/L SAe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a , carotenoids, essential oil contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under these conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying with optimal concentrations of 200 mg/L SA and 320 mg/L L -phenylalanine under these conditions increased chlorophyll a , carotenoids, essential oil content, PAL enzyme activity, phenolic and flavonoid compounds.”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal 320 mg/L L -phenylalanine under drought increased PAL activity, phenolics and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- 320 mg/L L -phenylalaninee0
- Outcome
- PAL enzyme activity, phenolic and flavonoid compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under these conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying with optimal concentrations of 200 mg/L SA and 320 mg/L L -phenylalanine under these conditions increased chlorophyll a , carotenoids, essential oil content, PAL enzyme activity, phenolic and flavonoid compounds.”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained α-pinene at 11.9 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinuse0
- Outcome
- α-pinenee0
- Value
- 11.9 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Main components of rosemary essential oil were α-pinene (11.9 %), camphor (12.9 %), 1,8-cineole (7.6 %), camphene (3.8 %), borneol (10.4 %), verbenone (4.9 %), and bornyl acetate (12.9 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained camphor at 12.9 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Outcome
- camphore0
- Value
- 12.9 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“camphor (12.9 %), 1,8-cineole”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained 1,8-cineole at 7.6 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Outcome
- 1,8-cineolee0
- Value
- 7.6 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1,8-cineole (7.6 %), camphene”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained camphene at 3.8 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Outcome
- camphenee0
- Value
- 3.8 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“camphene (3.8 %), borneol”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained borneol at 10.4 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Outcome
- borneole0
- Value
- 10.4 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“borneol (10.4 %), verbenone”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained verbenone at 4.9 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Outcome
- verbenonee0
- Value
- 4.9 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“verbenone (4.9 %), and bornyl acetate”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil contained bornyl acetate at 12.9 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Outcome
- bornyl acetatee0
- Value
- 12.9 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bornyl acetate (12.9 %) which reduced under drought”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most oil components decreased under drought, except borneol and bornyl acetate.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- borneol and bornyl acetatee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- except for borneol and bornyl acetatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which reduced under drought, except for borneol and bornyl acetate.”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 100 mg/L increased α-pinene by 116 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- SA (100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- α-pinenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 116 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA (100 mg/L) increased α-pinene (116 %), camphene (94 %) and 1,8-cineole (50.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 100 mg/L increased camphene by 94 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- SA (100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- camphenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 94 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA (100 mg/L) increased α-pinene (116 %), camphene (94 %) and 1,8-cineole (50.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 100 mg/L increased 1,8-cineole by 50.6 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- SA (100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- 1,8-cineolee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA (100 mg/L) increased α-pinene (116 %), camphene (94 %) and 1,8-cineole (50.6 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 200 mg/L increased verbenone by 58 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- 200 mg/L SAe0
- Outcome
- verbenonee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“200 mg/L SA increased verbenone (58 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
L -phenylalanine at 320 mg/L increased borneol by 20.6 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- 320 mg/L L -phenylalaninee0
- Outcome
- borneole0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“320 mg/L L -phenylalanine increased borneol (20.6 %) and bornyl acetate (33.7 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
L -phenylalanine at 320 mg/L increased bornyl acetate by 33.7 %.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- 320 mg/L L -phenylalaninee0
- Outcome
- bornyl acetatee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.7 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“320 mg/L L -phenylalanine increased borneol (20.6 %) and bornyl acetate (33.7 %)”
t0“rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: pigments · Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
drought · physiology: pigments · Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
drought · growth · Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.