Abstract
Waterlogging (WL) is an abiotic stress that severely limits crop yield. However, limited research has addressed the effects of long-term WL stress at different developmental stages on the yield and physiological responses of forage maize. In this study, forage maize plants were subjected to 14-day WL stress at the emergence (E), four-leaf (V4), eleven-leaf (V11), and tasseling (VT) stages. Plant height significantly decreased by 60% at the E stage and 48% at the V4 stage when exposed to 14-day WL. Leaf area decreased by 79% at the E stage, and the number of green leaves decreased most significantly at the VT stage. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the relative chlorophyll content index (RCI) decreased most significantly at the V4 stage. The lysigenous aerenchyma formation rate of the roots increased significantly after 14-day WL at the V4 stage, whereas the number of adventitious roots increased most significantly at the V11 stage. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, which are indicative of the root oxidation state, exhibited the highest increase at the E stage. In addition, at the E and V4 stages, the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the roots was upregulated after 14-day WL. The total dry matter (DM) of maize after harvest decreased most significantly when exposed to 14-day WL at the V4 stage, while acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased with the developmental stages. Consequently, total digestible nutrients (TDNs) and the relative feed value (RFV) decreased with advancing developmental stages, with the highest decrease at the VT stage. These results demonstrate that effective drainage management during the early developmental stage (V4) is more important to prevent forage maize yield loss due to prolonged WL stress, which is expected to increase in frequency due to climate change, and management during the later developmental stage (VT) is critical to prevent decreases in feed values. These findings provide valuable insights into the physiological responses of forage maize to WL stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at emergence reduced maize height by 60%.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- E stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe0
- Outcome
- Plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plant height significantly decreased by 60% at the E stage and 48% at the V4 stage when exposed to 14-day WL”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging at V4 reduced maize height by 48%.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- V4 stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe0
- Outcome
- Plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plant height significantly decreased by 60% at the E stage and 48% at the V4 stage when exposed to 14-day WL”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area at emergence fell 79% under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- E stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe1
- Outcome
- Leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area decreased by 79% at the E stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“subjected to 14-day WL stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Green leaf number declined most at tasseling.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- VT stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe1
- Outcome
- number of green leavese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the number of green leaves decreased most significantly at the VT stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“subjected to 14-day WL stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Fv/Fm and chlorophyll index decreased most at V4.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- V4 stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the relative chlorophyll content index (RCI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the relative chlorophyll content index (RCI) decreased most significantly at the V4 stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“subjected to 14-day WL stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Root aerenchyma formation rate increased significantly after waterlogging at V4.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe0
- Outcome
- lysigenous aerenchyma formation ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- V4 stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The lysigenous aerenchyma formation rate of the roots increased significantly after 14-day WL at the V4 stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Adventitious root number increased most at V11.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- V11 stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe1
- Outcome
- number of adventitious rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the number of adventitious roots increased most significantly at the V11 stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“subjected to 14-day WL stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents rose most at emergence.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- E stagee0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, which are indicative of the root oxidation state, exhibited the highest increase at the E stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“subjected to 14-day WL stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy metabolism and aerenchyma formation genes were upregulated after waterlogging at E and V4.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 14-day WLe0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to energy metabolism and lysigenous aerenchyma formatione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“at the E and V4 stages, the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the roots was upregulated after 14-day WL”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest dry matter decreased most after waterlogging at V4.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total dry matter (DM) of maize after harvest decreased most significantly when exposed to 14-day WL at the V4 stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid and neutral detergent fiber increased with developmental stage.
Verbatim
e0“acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased with the developmental stages”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Total digestible nutrients and relative feed value decreased with stage, most at VT.
Verbatim
e0“total digestible nutrients (TDNs) and the relative feed value (RFV) decreased with advancing developmental stages, with the highest decrease at the VT stage”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend drainage at V4 to prevent yield loss.
Verbatim
e0“effective drainage management during the early developmental stage (V4) is more important to prevent forage maize yield loss”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend management at VT to prevent feed value loss.
Verbatim
e0“management during the later developmental stage (VT) is critical to prevent decreases in feed values”
t0“Forage Maize”
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