Abstract
Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that influences plant growth and resistance to pathogens; however, its impact on disease dynamics, particularly downy mildew infection, and the associated physiological responses in cucumber during early growth stages remains poorly understood. To evaluate the combined effects of downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis) infection and nitrogen application on cucumber growth and physiological traits during the seedling and vine development stages, two downy mildew treatments— infected (B0) and non-infected(B1)—and three nitrogen levels—T1 (N-50%), T2 (N-100%), and T3 (N-150%)—were applied. Significant differences were observed between all treatments (p < 0.05). Among them, the B1T3 treatment had the most pronounced stimulatory effect, particularly on growth parameters (such as plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area). Without any disease infection (B1), the B1T2 treatment showed an increasing trend in photosynthetic rate and a more notable rise in stomatal conductance. In contrast, with downy mildew infection (B0), photosynthetic rates declined under B0T1 and B0T2. Moreover, with downy mildew infection (B0), the intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of cucumber leaves decreased in the B0T1, B0T2, and B0T3 treatments. Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area responded variably to nitrogen levels and downy mildew infection. The total root length, root surface area, average root diameter, total root volume, and total root tips of cucumber plants were significantly different under different experimental conditions (p < 0.05). Consequently, this study provides a theoretical basis for stress-resistant cucumber cultivation in greenhouses and has practical implications for advancing the sustainable development of the greenhouse cucumber industry.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Significant differences were observed between all treatments
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Outcome
- Significant differencese1
- Value
- p < 0.05e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e1“Significant differences were observed between all treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The B1T3 treatment had the most pronounced stimulatory effect on growth parameters
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B1T3 treatmente2
- Outcome
- growth parameterse2
- Direction
- most pronounced stimulatory effecte2
- Qualifier
- plant height, stem diameter, and leaf areae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e2“Among them, the B1T3 treatment had the most pronounced stimulatory effect, particularly on growth parameters (such as plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without infection, the B1T2 treatment showed an increasing trend in photosynthetic rate
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B1T2 treatmente3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- increasing trende3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e3“Without any disease infection (B1), the B1T2 treatment showed an increasing trend in photosynthetic rate and a more notable rise in stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
Without infection, the B1T2 treatment gave a more notable rise in stomatal conductance
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B1T2 treatmente3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee3
- Direction
- more notable risee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e3“Without any disease infection (B1), the B1T2 treatment showed an increasing trend in photosynthetic rate and a more notable rise in stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
With downy mildew infection, photosynthetic rates declined under B0T1
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B0T1e4
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Pseudoperonospora cubensise5pathogen - Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese4
- Direction
- declinede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e4“In contrast, with downy mildew infection (B0), photosynthetic rates declined under B0T1 and B0T2”
e5“downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis) infection”
Claim · model-written summary
With downy mildew infection, photosynthetic rates declined under B0T2
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B0T2e4
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensise5pathogen
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese4
- Direction
- declinede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e4“In contrast, with downy mildew infection (B0), photosynthetic rates declined under B0T1 and B0T2”
e5“downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis) infection”
Claim · model-written summary
With downy mildew infection, intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased under B0T1
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B0T1e6
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensise5pathogen
- Outcome
- intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration ratee6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e6“Moreover, with downy mildew infection (B0), the intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of cucumber leaves decreased in the B0T1, B0T2, and B0T3 treatments”
e5“downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis) infection”
Claim · model-written summary
With downy mildew infection, intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased under B0T2
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B0T2e6
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensise5pathogen
- Outcome
- intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration ratee6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e6“Moreover, with downy mildew infection (B0), the intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of cucumber leaves decreased in the B0T1, B0T2, and B0T3 treatments”
e5“downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis) infection”
Claim · model-written summary
With downy mildew infection, intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased under B0T3
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B0T3e6
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensise5pathogen
- Outcome
- intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration ratee6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e6“Moreover, with downy mildew infection (B0), the intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of cucumber leaves decreased in the B0T1, B0T2, and B0T3 treatments”
e5“downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis) infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, stem diameter and leaf area responded variably to nitrogen levels and downy mildew infection
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen levels and downy mildew infectione7
- Outcome
- Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf areae7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e7“Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area responded variably to nitrogen levels and downy mildew infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Total root length, root surface area and average root diameter differed significantly under different experimental conditions
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- different experimental conditionse1
- Outcome
- total root length, root surface area, average root diametere1
- Value
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e1“The total root length, root surface area, average root diameter, total root volume, and total root tips of cucumber plants were significantly different under different experimental conditions (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total root volume and total root tips differed significantly under different experimental conditions
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- different experimental conditionse1
- Outcome
- total root volume, and total root tipse1
- Value
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Early Growth Stages of Cucumber”
e1“The total root length, root surface area, average root diameter, total root volume, and total root tips of cucumber plants were significantly different under different experimental conditions (p < 0.05)”