Abstract
Cadmium (Cd(II) ion) is a mobile metal, that can be toxic to plants and microorganisms, yet its effects on common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) are seldom explored. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve Cd tolerance in plants by mediating uptake, sequestering Cd into hyphae and/or in exogenous glomalin proteins. Here, we examined how the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis affects Cd accumulation, glomalin production and microbial enzyme activity in single plant cultures and in interspecific co-culture conditions (CMN). A glasshouse experiment with Populus trichocarpa (poplars) and Allium porrum (leeks) was conducted including three factors: Contamination (Control vs Cd(II), 27 mg kg −1 ), Mycorrhization (non-mycorrhizal vs AM) and Culture type (single vs co-culture, 1 poplar + 10 leek seedlings). We assessed biomass, Cd(II) uptake, glomalin concentration and carbon cycling enzyme activities. Poplar biomass was unaffected by Cd, and mycorrhization reduced foliar Cd by 34 %. Root Cd accumulation was highest in non-mycorrhizal poplars when co-cultured with leeks (102 mg kg −1 ), suggesting increased Cd mobility from root exudation and acidification due to having multiple plants. However, root Cd decreased by 64 % under CMN, possibly because of hyphal binding and glomalin production, but we also propose this could be due to reduced exudation caused by AMF. Cd stimulated glomalin production, sometimes by 25-fold compared to controls, but had little effect on the studied soil enzymes. We conclude that i) Cd stimulates glomalin production in mycorrhizal plants, and ii) Non-mycorrhizal co-culture between leeks and poplars enhances Cd accumulation in poplar roots, but this effect is mitigated by CMNs. • AMF inoculation decreased foliar Cd concentrations in poplars, but increased it in leeks. • Co-cultures enhanced Cd accumulation in poplar roots, but CMNs mitigated this effect. • Cd stimulated glomalin (GRSP) release by 10-fold in poplars and 25-fold in leeks. • CMNs did not improve the activity of C-cycling enzymes (CB, BX, BG, and NAG). • CMNs buffered overall poplar responses to Cd(II) in co-cultivation systems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium did not change poplar biomass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poplar biomass was unaffected by Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization reduced foliar cadmium in poplars by 34%.
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhization reduced foliar Cd by 34 %.”
e1“Poplar biomass was unaffected by Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cadmium in nonmycorrhizal poplars co-cultured with leeks reached 102 mg kg −1, the highest accumulation.
- Outcome
- Root Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 102 mg kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- non-mycorrhizal poplars when co-cultured with leekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root Cd accumulation was highest in non-mycorrhizal poplars when co-cultured with leeks (102 mg kg −1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Common mycorrhizal networks reduced poplar root cadmium by 64%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root Cd decreased by 64 % under CMN”
e1“poplars when co-cultured with leeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stimulated glomalin production by as much as 25-fold.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Cd stimulated glomalin production, sometimes by 25-fold compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium had little effect on studied soil enzymes.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stimulated glomalin production, sometimes by 25-fold compared to controls, but had little effect on the studied soil enzymes.”
e1“Populus trichocarpa (poplars) and Allium porrum (leeks)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased foliar cadmium in leeks.
- Taxon
- leeks
Allium ampeloprasume0 - Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- foliar Cd concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation decreased foliar Cd concentrations in poplars, but increased it in leeks.”
e1“Allium porrum (leeks)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased glomalin release tenfold in poplars.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stimulated glomalin (GRSP) release by 10-fold in poplars and 25-fold in leeks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased glomalin release 25-fold in leeks.
- Taxon
- leeksAllium ampeloprasume0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- glomalin (GRSP) releasee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 25-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stimulated glomalin (GRSP) release by 10-fold in poplars and 25-fold in leeks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Common mycorrhizal networks did not improve carbon-cycling enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- poplars and leeks
PopulusAllium ampeloprasume1 - Treatment
- CMNse0
- Outcome
- activity of C-cycling enzymes (CB, BX, BG, and NAG)e0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CMNs did not improve the activity of C-cycling enzymes (CB, BX, BG, and NAG).”
e1“poplars and leeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Common mycorrhizal networks buffered overall poplar responses to cadmium in co-culture.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CMNs buffered overall poplar responses to Cd(II) in co-cultivation systems.”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Populus (poplar)Results differ
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- positive
- positive
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See all 11 papers →mycorrhiza · physiology: enzyme activity · Populus (poplar)Positive and negative results
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mycorrhiza · nutrient: content · Allium ampeloprasum (leek)Positive and negative results
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inoculation · nutrient: content · Allium ampeloprasum (leek)Positive and negative results
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See all 6 papers →mycorrhiza · nutrient: content · Populus (poplar)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.