Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage ensiled in a temperate zone. Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I) with a mixture of LAB containing 1.5 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu)/g Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, 1.5 × 105 cfu/g of Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and 1.0 × 105 cfu/g Pediococcus pentosaceus plus a combination of xylanase + β-glucanase. Silage samples were taken after ensiling in bag silos for 418 days (terminal silage; TS), with subsamples of TS subsequently exposed to air for 14 days (aerobically exposed silage; AS). Regardless of treatment, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the predominant phyla in the bacterial microbiome, whilst Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla in the fungal microbiome in both TS and AS. Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, and Bacillus were the most abundant bacterial genera, whilst Candida, Aspergillus, Vishniacozyma, Pichia, and Issatchenkia were the most abundant fungal genera. Use of silage additive did not change bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversity during ensiling or aerobic exposure, but decreased (p < 0.01) the relative abundance (RA) of Proteobacteria in both TS and AS, increased (p < 0.01) RA of Firmicutes in AS, but did not affect the RA of fungal phyla in either TS or AS. At the genus level, the additive significantly decreased (p < 0.01) RA of Acetobacter in both TS and AS. The silage additive used in this study significantly affected the composition of multiple microbial genera during ensiling and aerobic exposure by shifting bacterial communities towards enhanced aerobic stability.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The silage additive did not change bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversity during ensiling or aerobic exposure.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- silage additivee2
- Interactor
- lactic acid bacteria (LAB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversitye2
- Direction
- did not changee2
- Comparator
- uninoculated (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I)”
e2“Use of silage additive did not change bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversity during ensiling or aerobic exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
The silage additive decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in both terminal and aerobically exposed silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- silage additivee2
- Interactor
- lactic acid bacteria (LAB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative abundance (RA) of Proteobacteriae3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- uninoculated (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I)”
e2“Use of silage additive did not change bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversity during ensiling or aerobic exposure”
e3“decreased (p < 0.01) the relative abundance (RA) of Proteobacteria in both TS and AS”
Claim · model-written summary
The silage additive increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in aerobically exposed silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- silage additivee2
- Interactor
- lactic acid bacteria (LAB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- RA of Firmicutese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- uninoculated (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I)”
e2“Use of silage additive did not change bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversity during ensiling or aerobic exposure”
e4“increased (p < 0.01) RA of Firmicutes in AS”
Claim · model-written summary
The silage additive did not affect the relative abundance of fungal phyla in terminal or aerobically exposed silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- silage additivee2
- Interactor
- lactic acid bacteria (LAB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- RA of fungal phylae5
- Direction
- did not affecte5
- Comparator
- uninoculated (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I)”
e2“Use of silage additive did not change bacterial or fungal alpha or beta diversity during ensiling or aerobic exposure”
e5“did not affect the RA of fungal phyla in either TS or AS”
Claim · model-written summary
The silage additive significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acetobacter in both terminal and aerobically exposed silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- additivee6
- Interactor
- lactic acid bacteria (LAB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- RA of Acetobactere6
- Direction
- significantly decreasede6
- Comparator
- uninoculated (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I)”
e6“At the genus level, the additive significantly decreased (p < 0.01) RA of Acetobacter in both TS and AS”
Claim · model-written summary
The silage additive significantly affected the composition of multiple microbial genera and shifted bacterial communities towards enhanced aerobic stability.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- silage additive used in this studye7
- Interactor
- lactic acid bacteria (LAB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- composition of multiple microbial generae7
- Direction
- significantly affectede7
- Qualifier
- shifting bacterial communities towards enhanced aerobic stabilitye7
- Comparator
- uninoculated (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Short-season corn forage was either uninoculated (C) or inoculated (I)”
e7“The silage additive used in this study significantly affected the composition of multiple microbial genera during ensiling and aerobic exposure by shifting bacterial communities towards enhanced aerobic stability”
Claim · model-written summary
Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were predominant phyla in the bacterial microbiome of corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- predominant phyla in the bacterial microbiomee1
- Qualifier
- Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteriae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Regardless of treatment, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the predominant phyla in the bacterial microbiome”
Claim · model-written summary
Actinobacteria was a predominant phylum in the bacterial microbiome of corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- predominant phyla in the bacterial microbiomee1
- Qualifier
- Actinobacteriae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Regardless of treatment, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the predominant phyla in the bacterial microbiome”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were predominant phyla in the fungal microbiome of corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- predominant phyla in the fungal microbiomee1
- Qualifier
- Ascomycota and Basidiomycotae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla in the fungal microbiome in both TS and AS”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactobacillus, Acetobacter and Bacillus were the most abundant bacterial genera in corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- most abundant bacterial generae1
- Qualifier
- Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, and Bacilluse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, and Bacillus were the most abundant bacterial genera”
Claim · model-written summary
Candida, Aspergillus and Vishniacozyma were the most abundant fungal genera in corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- most abundant fungal generae1
- Qualifier
- Candida, Aspergillus, Vishniacozymae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Candida, Aspergillus, Vishniacozyma, Pichia, and Issatchenkia were the most abundant fungal genera”
Claim · model-written summary
Pichia and Issatchenkia were among the most abundant fungal genera in corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- most abundant fungal generae1
- Qualifier
- Pichia, and Issatchenkiae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) on bacterial and fungal communities in terminal and aerobically exposed whole-plant corn silage”
e1“Candida, Aspergillus, Vishniacozyma, Pichia, and Issatchenkia were the most abundant fungal genera”
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