Abstract
Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) and boron (B) are essential for optimal wheat growth and development; however, their imbalanced application may compromise yield and soil fertility. Despite their importance, limited studies have addressed their interactive effects. This study aimed to evaluate the combined influence of N and B fertilization on wheat yield and residual soil chemical properties to inform sustainable nutrient management strategies. Methods The experiment was conducted during the 2020–2021 cropping seasons in Dhading, Nepal, with a split-plot design using the variety BL3063. The main plots received N application levels (0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha⁻¹), while the subplots were treated with B levels (0, 1, and 2 kg ha⁻¹), replicated three times. Soil physico-chemical properties and crop phenological parameters were measured to assess the effects of N and B applications on wheat performance and soil health. Results N application significantly enhanced grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield, with the highest grain yield observed at 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (8143.89 kg ha⁻¹), a 49.3% increase compared to the control (5455.87 kg ha⁻¹). In both 2020 and 2021, N application also significantly increased tissue N concentration at all phenological stages, with the greatest accumulation recorded during tillering under 120 kg N ha⁻¹, confirming a clear dose-specific and phenological response. B application notably reduced spikelet sterility and improved grain yield. The lowest sterility rate (33.2%) was observed under the application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ and 2 kg B ha⁻¹, representing a 35.9% reduction compared to the control treatment (51.8% sterility at 0 kg B ha⁻¹ and 0 kg N ha⁻¹). Indicating a synergistic interaction that improved reproductive success. Soil analysis revealed that N application reduced soil pH especially in 2021 while total N content increased with higher N rates. B availability was significantly influenced by B treatments, with year-to-year variation. Conclusion Strategic N and B management can enhance wheat productivity while maintaining soil fertility. Applying both nutrients in a balanced manner can optimize yield. Long-term research is needed to develop sustainable fertilization strategies and assess the effects on soil properties. Integrating micronutrient management into nutrient recommendations is essential for improving wheat profitability.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application enhanced grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8143.89 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Qualifier
- 49.3% increasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N application significantly enhanced grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield, with the highest grain yield observed at 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (8143.89 kg ha⁻¹), a 49.3% increase compared to the control (5455.87 kg ha⁻¹)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application enhanced biological yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N application significantly enhanced grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield, with the highest grain yield observed at 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (8143.89 kg ha⁻¹), a 49.3% increase compared to the control (5455.87 kg ha⁻¹)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application enhanced straw yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N application significantly enhanced grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield, with the highest grain yield observed at 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (8143.89 kg ha⁻¹), a 49.3% increase compared to the control (5455.87 kg ha⁻¹)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased tissue nitrogen concentration at all phenological stages in 2020 and 2021.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- tissue N concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In both 2020 and 2021e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both 2020 and 2021, N application also significantly increased tissue N concentration at all phenological stages”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest tissue nitrogen accumulation occurred during tillering at 120 kg N ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- tilleringe0
- Treatment
- 120 kg N ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- accumulatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greatest accumulation recorded during tillering under 120 kg N ha⁻¹”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron application reduced spikelet sterility.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B applicatione0
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B application notably reduced spikelet sterility and improved grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron application improved grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B application notably reduced spikelet sterility and improved grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 120 kg N ha⁻¹ and 2 kg B ha⁻¹ produced the lowest spikelet sterility, 33.2%, a 35.9% reduction from control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 120 kg N ha⁻¹ and 2 kg B ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- sterility ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 33.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 35.9% reductione0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest sterility rate (33.2%) was observed under the application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ and 2 kg B ha⁻¹, representing a 35.9% reduction compared to the control treatment (51.8% sterility at 0 kg B ha⁻¹ and 0 kg N ha⁻¹)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application reduced soil pH, especially in 2021.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“N application reduced soil pH especially in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen rates increased total soil nitrogen.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total N content increased with higher N rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron treatments significantly influenced soil boron availability with variation by year.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“B availability was significantly influenced by B treatments, with year-to-year variation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend balanced nitrogen and boron application to optimize wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- both nutrients in a balanced mannere0
- Outcome
- optimize yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying both nutrients in a balanced manner can optimize yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend including micronutrient management in nutrient recommendations to improve wheat profitability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Integrating micronutrient management into nutrient recommendationse0
- Outcome
- improving wheat profitabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrating micronutrient management into nutrient recommendations is essential for improving wheat profitability”
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