Abstract
Salinity is an abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar applications of titanium (Ti) and nano-titanium (nano-Ti) at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/L under salinity levels of 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl in controlled greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted. A comprehensive set of morphological (plant height, fresh and dry biomass), physiological (photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, proline, and protein content), and biochemical parameters (antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase), as well as essential oil (EO) content and composition, were assessed. Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, chlorophyll content, and EO yield, while increasing oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The application of 100 mg/L nano-titanium under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height (47.01 cm), fresh weight (87.33 g), and essential oil yield (0.639 g/pot). Moreover, essential oil content reached a maximum of 1.84% under 50 mM salinity with 100 mg/L nano-titanium, representing a 212% increase compared to the control. Nano-titanium application under salinity stress increased APX and SOD activities by 176% and 237%, respectively, compared to the control. GC-MS analysis revealed linalool, trans-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, and germacrene D as the major EO constituents, whose concentrations were notably influenced by both salinity level and Ti treatments. These findings suggest that nano-Ti has the potential to be used as a sustainable biostimulant to enhance growth and secondary metabolite production in M. × gracilis under saline environments.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced plant growth, chlorophyll and essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilis
Mentha ×gracilist0 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growth, chlorophyll content, and EO yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, chlorophyll content, and EO yield”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased MDA and hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, chlorophyll content, and EO yield, while increasing oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
100 mg/L nano-titanium increased plant height to 47.01 cm without stress.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L nano-titaniume0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 47.01 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 100 mg/L nano-titanium under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height (47.01 cm)”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
100 mg/L nano-titanium increased fresh weight to 87.33 g without stress.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L nano-titaniume0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 87.33 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 100 mg/L nano-titanium under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height (47.01 cm), fresh weight (87.33 g)”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
100 mg/L nano-titanium increased essential oil yield to 0.639 g/pot without stress.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L nano-titaniume0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.639 g/pote0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 100 mg/L nano-titanium under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height (47.01 cm), fresh weight (87.33 g), and essential oil yield (0.639 g/pot)”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM salinity, 100 mg/L nano-titanium gave maximum essential oil content of 1.84%, 212% above control.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L nano-titaniume0
- Outcome
- essential oil contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.84%e0
- Qualifier
- 212% increasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oil content reached a maximum of 1.84% under 50 mM salinity with 100 mg/L nano-titanium, representing a 212% increase compared to the control”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-titanium under salinity increased APX activity by 176%.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- Nano-titanium application under salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 176%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano-titanium application under salinity stress increased APX and SOD activities by 176% and 237%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-titanium under salinity increased SOD activity by 237%.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- Nano-titanium application under salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 237%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano-titanium application under salinity stress increased APX and SOD activities by 176% and 237%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
Linalool, trans-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole and germacrene D were major essential oil constituents.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Outcome
- linalool, trans-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, and germacrene D as the major EO constituentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC-MS analysis revealed linalool, trans-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, and germacrene D as the major EO constituents”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity level and titanium treatment influenced major essential oil constituent concentrations.
- Taxon
- Mentha × gracilisMentha ×gracilist0
- Treatment
- Ti treatmentse0
- Outcome
- concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whose concentrations were notably influenced by both salinity level and Ti treatments”
t0“Mentha × gracilis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose nano-Ti as a biostimulant for growth and secondary metabolites in saline environments.
- Taxon
- M. × gracilisMentha ×gracilise0
- Treatment
- nano-Tie0
- Outcome
- enhance growth and secondary metabolite productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nano-Ti has the potential to be used as a sustainable biostimulant to enhance growth and secondary metabolite production in M. × gracilis under saline environments”