Abstract
Wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions is constrained by environmental variability and limited input availability, especially nitrogen. The use of a novel multidimensional analytical framework is proposed to permit the selection of the most suitable bread wheat varieties for Afghanistan, optimizing the aforementioned constraints. The objective was to (i) evaluate 33 varieties across 6 environments, and (ii) to develop a novel robust analytical framework integrating agronomic performance, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), stability metrics, and economic return for the identification of the most stable, high-performing varieties. Environmental factors explained over 80 % of the variance in grain yield (GY) and straw yield (SY). Significant genotype × environment interactions enabled the identification of broadly adapted genotypes. Varieties 28 and 32 exceeded 4.0 t ha⁻¹ GY with high stability across environments. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (Nt/Ns) ranged from 0.41 to 0.72, with varieties 11, 19 and 20 combining high NUE traits with consistent performance. Protein content was mostly environment-driven, with variety 15 showing exceptional stability and quality. The Net Nitrogen-adjusted Margin (NNaM), an economic index combining yield, NUE, and grain protein, was significantly associated with Nt/Ns and SY. A linear regression model explained 96.5 % of NNaM variability, highlighting the value of integrating physiological and economic traits. The derived composite index allowed for multi-trait ranking. From this, only varieties 28, 32 and 15 emerged as optimal candidates. This integrative framework facilitates the selection of productive, resource-efficient wheat varieties for Afghanistan farming and offers a scalable approach for breeding programs in arid and semi-arid agro-ecosystems.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Environment explained over 80% of grain yield variance.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- variance in grain yielde0
- Value
- over 80 %e0
- Setting
- Environmental factorse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Environmental factors explained over 80 % of the variance in grain yield (GY) and straw yield (SY).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Environment explained over 80% of straw yield variance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Value
- over 80 %e0
- Setting
- Environmental factorse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Environmental factors explained over 80 % of the variance in grain yield (GY) and straw yield (SY).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by environment interactions were significant.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- genotype × environment interactionse0
- Setting
- environmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant genotype × environment interactions enabled the identification of broadly adapted genotypes.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Variety 28 exceeded 4.0 t ha⁻¹ grain yield with high stability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- 28e0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 4.0 t ha⁻¹e0
- Qualifier
- high stability across environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Varieties 28 and 32 exceeded 4.0 t ha⁻¹ GY with high stability across environments.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Variety 32 exceeded 4.0 t ha⁻¹ grain yield with high stability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- 32e0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 4.0 t ha⁻¹e0
- Qualifier
- high stability across environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Varieties 28 and 32 exceeded 4.0 t ha⁻¹ GY with high stability across environments.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake efficiency ranged from 0.41 to 0.72.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen uptake efficiencye0
- Value
- 0.41 to 0.72e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake efficiency (Nt/Ns) ranged from 0.41 to 0.72”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Varieties 11, 19 and 20 combined high nitrogen efficiency with consistent performance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- varieties 11, 19 and 20e0
- Outcome
- high NUE traits with consistent performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“varieties 11, 19 and 20 combining high NUE traits with consistent performance”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content was mostly determined by environment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Protein contente0
- Setting
- environmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein content was mostly environment-driven”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Variety 15 had exceptional protein stability and quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- variety 15e0
- Outcome
- exceptional stability and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“variety 15 showing exceptional stability and quality”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-adjusted margin was significantly associated with nitrogen uptake efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Net Nitrogen-adjusted Margine0
- Qualifier
- Nt/Nse0
Not reportedCompoundDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Net Nitrogen-adjusted Margin (NNaM), an economic index combining yield, NUE, and grain protein, was significantly associated with Nt/Ns and SY.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-adjusted margin was significantly associated with straw yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Net Nitrogen-adjusted Margine0
- Qualifier
- SYe0
- Setting
- SYe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Net Nitrogen-adjusted Margin (NNaM), an economic index combining yield, NUE, and grain protein, was significantly associated with Nt/Ns and SY.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Regression explained 96.5% of nitrogen-adjusted margin variability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NNaM variabilitye0
- Value
- 96.5 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A linear regression model explained 96.5 % of NNaM variability”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The composite index allowed multi-trait ranking.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- multi-trait rankinge0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The derived composite index allowed for multi-trait ranking.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Varieties 28, 32 and 15 were selected as optimal candidates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- varieties 28, 32 and 15e0
- Outcome
- optimal candidatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only varieties 28, 32 and 15 emerged as optimal candidates”
t0“wheat”