Abstract
The utilization of the widely distributed saline–alkali lands by planting forage grasses is a hot topic. However, the promotion of plant growth remains a great challenge during the exploration of this stressful soil. While halotolerant bacteria are beneficial for plants against saline–alkali stress, their stable colonization on plant roots should be further strengthened. In this study, we investigated the effect of moss biochar on the root colonization of the exogenous halotolerant Halomonas salifodinae isolated from saline lake sediments. During the incubation with the bacteria, the biochar strongly bound the bacterium and induced biofilm formation on the biochar surface. When the biochar and the bacterium were added into the culturing soil of the forage grass Medicago sativa, the biochar remarkably assisted the root binding and biofilm formation of this bacterium on the plant roots. Under the biochar–bacterium combined treatment, the numbers of total bacteria, halotolerant bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased from 105.5 CFU/g soil to 107.2 CFU/g soil, from 104.5 CFU/g soil to 106.1 CFU/g soil, and from 104.7 CFU/g soil to 106.3 CFU/g soil, respectively. After 30 days of culturing, the biochar and the bacterium in combination increased the plant height from 10.3 cm to 36 cm, and enhanced the accumulation of chlorophyll a, reducing sugars, soluble proteins, and superoxide dismutase in the leaves. Moreover, the combined treatment increased the activity of soil enzymes, including peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease. Meanwhile, the levels of various cations in the rhizosphere soil were reduced by the combined treatment, e.g., Na+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, etc., indicating an improvement in the soil quality. This study developed the biochar–halotolerant bacterium joint strategy to improve the yield of forage grasses in saline–alkali soil.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Moss biochar bound Halomonas salifodinae and induced biofilm formation on the biochar surface.
- Outcome
- biofilm formation on the biochar surfacee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the biochar strongly bound the bacterium and induced biofilm formation on the biochar surface”
t0“Plant Growth Under Saline–Alkali Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar assisted Halomonas salifodinae binding and biofilm formation on Medicago sativa roots.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativa
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- the biochar and the bacteriume0
- Outcome
- root binding and biofilm formation of this bacterium on the plant rootse0
- Direction
- assistede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the biochar and the bacterium were added into the culturing soil of the forage grass Medicago sativa, the biochar remarkably assisted the root binding and biofilm formation of this bacterium on the plant roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and bacterium increased total bacteria in soil from 105.5 to 107.2 CFU/g soil.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar–bacterium combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- numbers of total bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 107.2 CFU/g soile0
- Qualifier
- 105.5 CFU/g soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the biochar–bacterium combined treatment, the numbers of total bacteria, halotolerant bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased from 105.5 CFU/g soil to 107.2 CFU/g soil, from 104.5 CFU/g soil to 106.1 CFU/g soil, and from 104.7 CFU/g soil to 106.3 CFU/g soil, respectively.”
e1“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased halotolerant bacteria from 104.5 to 106.1 CFU/g soil.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar–bacterium combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- halotolerant bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 106.1 CFU/g soile0
- Qualifier
- 104.5 CFU/g soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the biochar–bacterium combined treatment, the numbers of total bacteria, halotolerant bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased from 105.5 CFU/g soil to 107.2 CFU/g soil, from 104.5 CFU/g soil to 106.1 CFU/g soil, and from 104.7 CFU/g soil to 106.3 CFU/g soil, respectively.”
e1“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased nitrogen-fixing bacteria from 104.7 to 106.3 CFU/g soil.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar–bacterium combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-fixing bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 106.3 CFU/g soile0
- Qualifier
- 104.7 CFU/g soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the biochar–bacterium combined treatment, the numbers of total bacteria, halotolerant bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased from 105.5 CFU/g soil to 107.2 CFU/g soil, from 104.5 CFU/g soil to 106.1 CFU/g soil, and from 104.7 CFU/g soil to 106.3 CFU/g soil, respectively.”
e1“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and bacterium increased Medicago sativa height from 10.3 cm to 36 cm after 30 days.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar and the bacterium in combinatione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36 cme0
- Qualifier
- 10.3 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 30 days of culturing, the biochar and the bacterium in combination increased the plant height from 10.3 cm to 36 cm”
e1“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment enhanced leaf chlorophyll a and reducing sugars.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae2
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- biochar and the bacterium in combinatione1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the accumulation of chlorophyll a, reducing sugars, soluble proteins, and superoxide dismutase in the leaves”
e1“the biochar and the bacterium in combination”
e2“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment enhanced leaf soluble proteins and superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae2
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- biochar and the bacterium in combinatione1
- Outcome
- soluble proteins, and superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the accumulation of chlorophyll a, reducing sugars, soluble proteins, and superoxide dismutase in the leaves”
e1“the biochar and the bacterium in combination”
e2“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased soil peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and urease activity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of soil enzymes, including peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and ureasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined treatment increased the activity of soil enzymes, including peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease”
e1“forage grass Medicago sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced cations in rhizosphere soil.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- levels of various cations in the rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of various cations in the rhizosphere soil were reduced by the combined treatment, e.g., Na+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, etc.”
e1“forage grass Medicago sativa”
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