Abstract
The increasing soil contamination with salinity and heavy metals poses serious threats to the cultivation of economically and ornamentally important plants such as Helianthus annuus (Sunflower). Bacillus subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine are well known for their role in increasing plant stress tolerance levels by multiple mechanisms. The present research aimed to assess the effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine on H. annuus under salinity and lead (Pb) stress by analyzing the growth parameters, physiological markers, and biochemical assays. In a pot experiment, B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine were supplied to H. annuus plants grown in soil subjected to 500 mg/kg of salt and 150 mg/kg of Pb. The growth attributes and photosynthetic machinery of H. annuus plants were significantly reduced under single and combined stress of Pb and salinity. The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control. Moreover, under stress, H. annuus plants exhibited higher levels of antioxidative enzymes, phenol, flavonoid and proline content. Nevertheless, the combined effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine improved the fresh weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 34%, 38%, 15%, 18% and 16%, respectively, under the combined stress of salt and Pb to their respective controlled conditions. Supplementation of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine significantly increased the antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenol, flavonoids and proline) in sunflowers under combined and individual stress of sodium and Pb. Nevertheless, inoculation of B. subtilis IAGS174 accelerated the translocation of Pb and Na, while thiamine application reduced the uptake of these metals. Conclusively, single and combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and thiamine proved a sustainable and effective option to improve plant tolerance against salt and Pb stress and offer new avenues for suitable agricultural practices in heavy metal and salt-contaminated soil.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salt and Pb stress decreased root length by 49%.
- Taxon
- H. annuus
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- combined stress of Pb and salinitye0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased shoot length by 61%.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Pb and salinitye0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 61%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased root fresh weight by 48%.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Pb and salinitye0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased shoot fresh weight by 39%.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Pb and salinitye0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased chlorophyll a by 53%.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Pb and salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 53%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased chlorophyll b by 55%.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Pb and salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Pb and salinity declined the root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a , and chlorophyll b of H. annuus by 49%, 61%, 48%, 39%, 53%, and 55%, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stressed sunflowers had higher antioxidant enzymes, phenol, flavonoid and proline.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- levels of antioxidative enzymes, phenol, flavonoid and proline contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under stress, H. annuus plants exhibited higher levels of antioxidative enzymes, phenol, flavonoid and proline content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased shoot fresh weight 34% under combined stress.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- fresh weight of shootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlled conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine improved the fresh weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 34%, 38%, 15%, 18% and 16%, respectively, under the combined stress of salt and Pb to their respective controlled conditions.”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased root fresh weight 38%.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh weight of shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlled conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine improved the fresh weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 34%, 38%, 15%, 18% and 16%, respectively, under the combined stress of salt and Pb to their respective controlled conditions.”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased chlorophyll a 15%.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlled conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine improved the fresh weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 34%, 38%, 15%, 18% and 16%, respectively, under the combined stress of salt and Pb to their respective controlled conditions.”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased chlorophyll b 18%.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlled conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine improved the fresh weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 34%, 38%, 15%, 18% and 16%, respectively, under the combined stress of salt and Pb to their respective controlled conditions.”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased carotenoids 16%.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- respective controlled conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined effect of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine improved the fresh weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and carotenoids by 34%, 38%, 15%, 18% and 16%, respectively, under the combined stress of salt and Pb to their respective controlled conditions.”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementation of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine significantly increased the antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase)”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus and thiamine increased non-enzymatic antioxidants.
- Taxon
- sunflowers
Helianthuse0 - Treatment
- B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiaminee0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenol, flavonoids and proline)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementation of B. subtilis IAGS174 and thiamine significantly increased the antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenol, flavonoids and proline) in sunflowers under combined and individual stress of sodium and Pb.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus inoculation accelerated Pb and Na translocation.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- inoculation of B. subtilis IAGS174e0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis IAGS174Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- translocation of Pb and Nae0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of B. subtilis IAGS174 accelerated the translocation of Pb and Na”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine reduced uptake of Pb and Na.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- thiamine applicatione0
- Outcome
- uptake of these metalse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thiamine application reduced the uptake of these metals.”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend single and combined PGPR and thiamine to improve stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- single and combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and thiaminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single and combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and thiamine proved a sustainable and effective option to improve plant tolerance against salt and Pb stress”
t0“Helianthus annuus”
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