Paper · 2025 · Frontiers in Agronomy

Agronomic evaluation of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for cannabidiol production in Yunnan, China

Wenjing Ouyang; Jing Ou; Qi Zheng; et al.

10
claims
22
verbatim quotes
2
citations
2
research areas
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Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Introduction Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) has gained worldwide attention for its emerging role as a valuable medicinal source, particularly for cannabidiol (CBD) extraction. Yunnan province is currently the only region in China where hemp grown for CBD production is legalized; yet information on optimal agronomic practices for maximizing CBD output in this region remains scarce. Methods In the present study, field experiments were conducted in Yunan over two consecutive growing seasons (2019 and 2020) to evaluate CBD productivity and variations in CBD content between female and male plants, as well as among branches along the stem, using a local dioecious hemp cultivar, Yunma #7. Plants were grown under five treatments: a control (CK) with NPK fertilization; additional calcium magnesium phosphate (CK+CMP); and additional boron applied either as powdered boron at the basal stage (CK+CMP+PB1), powdered boron at the budding stage (CK+CMP+PB2), or liquid sugar-alcohol-chelated boron at the budding stage (CK+CMP+LB2). Results The average inflorescence yield reached 4 Mg ha −1 , with female plants producing 2.4 Mg ha −1 . Inflorescence CBD content averaged approximately 1% ( w/w ), being 15% higher in female than male plants, and 30% higher in upper than lower inflorescences. Mg and B fertilization showed no statistically significant effects on inflorescence yield and CBD content, the average CBD yield across all fertilization treatments was 20.1 kg ha −1 . Discussion The study underscores the potential for increasing CBD content through breeding and optimizing harvest methods that distinguish between female and male plants, and separate upper and lower inflorescences.

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Claims 10

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Average hemp inflorescence yield reached 4 Mg ha −1.

Taxon
Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
Outcome
inflorescence yielde0
Value
4 Mg ha −1e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa · TaxonThayne Tuason · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The average inflorescence yield reached 4 Mg ha −1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1035–1085 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Female plants produced 2.4 Mg ha −1 of inflorescences.

Taxon
Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.)Cannabis sativat0
Organ / stage
female plantse0
Outcome
producinge0
Value
2.4 Mg ha −1e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa · TaxonThayne Tuason · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“with female plants producing 2.4 Mg ha −1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1088–1129 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Inflorescence CBD content averaged approximately 1% by weight.

Outcome
Inflorescence CBD contente0
Value
1% ( w/w )e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Inflorescence CBD content averaged approximately 1% ( w/w )”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1132–1191 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CBD content was 15% higher in female than male plants.

Organ / stage
femalee0
Outcome
CBD contente1
Direction
highere0
Value
15%e0
Comparator
male plantse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“being 15% higher in female than male plants”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1193–1236 · show in text ↑
e1

“Inflorescence CBD content”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1132–1157 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CBD content was 30% higher in upper than lower inflorescences.

Organ / stage
uppere0
Outcome
CBD contente1
Direction
highere0
Value
30%e0
Comparator
lower inflorescencese0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“30% higher in upper than lower inflorescences”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1242–1287 · show in text ↑
e1

“Inflorescence CBD content”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1132–1157 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Magnesium and boron fertilization had no statistically significant effect on inflorescence yield.

Treatment
Mg and B fertilizatione0
Outcome
inflorescence yielde0
Direction
no statistically significant effectse0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Mg and B fertilization showed no statistically significant effects on inflorescence yield and CBD content”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1394 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Magnesium and boron fertilization had no statistically significant effect on CBD content.

Treatment
Mg and B fertilizatione0
Outcome
CBD contente0
Direction
no statistically significant effectse0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Mg and B fertilization showed no statistically significant effects on inflorescence yield and CBD content”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1289–1394 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mean CBD yield across fertilization treatments was 20.1 kg ha −1.

Outcome
CBD yielde0
Value
20.1 kg ha −1e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the average CBD yield across all fertilization treatments was 20.1 kg ha −1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1396–1471 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors suggest breeding and sex-specific harvest to increase CBD content.

Outcome
increasing CBD content through breeding and optimizing harvest methodse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“potential for increasing CBD content through breeding and optimizing harvest methods that distinguish between female and male plants”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1511–1643 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors suggest separating upper and lower inflorescences at harvest.

Outcome
separate upper and lower inflorescencese0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa · TaxonNo machine-readable author provided. Bastique assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“separate upper and lower inflorescences”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1649–1688 · show in text ↑
t0

“hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–49 · show in text ↑

boron atom · yield · Cannabis sativaResults agree

2 papers: 0 positive, 2 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. negative
See all 2 papers →

magnesium atom · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaResults agree

2 papers: 0 positive, 2 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. no effect
See all 2 papers →

fertilization · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results

8 papers: 4 positive, 4 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

fertilization · yield · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results

31 papers: 25 positive, 6 negative or no effect

5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 25 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

27 papers more in this group

See all 31 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.