Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are significant fungal contaminants causing green mold in Agaricus bisporus, which reduce yield and quality. This study, conducted at the Prof. TNA Innovation Research Centre (TNAIRC), Jiblakpally, Greater Hyderabad from 2022 to 2024, aimed to identify an effective biocontrol agent for managing Trichoderma-induced green mold. In dual culture assay, out of 25 bacterial treatments (19 isolated from rhizospheric soil and six from the culture bank of TNAIRC), 11 cultures inhibited growth of at least one species of Trichoderma (2.7-73.3%). These 11 cultures reduced dry biomass of test fungi also ranging from 10.1 to 82.6%. Out of top 5 promising cultures were chosen for VOC production and field efficacy. In VOC studies, Bacillus isolate V37 was most effective in inhibiting spore germination of Trichoderma spp. (0.3-8.7%). In field efficacy studies, bags treated with Bacillus isolate V37 showed lowest incidence of green mold (2.4-4.6%), than control (16-25%). Isolate V37 was identified as Bacillus paramycoides PP757924.The intracellular extract of B. paramycoides demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against T. asperellum (21.69 mm), while the extracellular extract was most effective against T. viride (22.51 mm) and T. harzianum (19.96 mm). GC-MS analysis of intra- and extracellular extracts of B. paramycoides showed 19 and 27 secondary metabolites, respectively. As far as we are aware, this is the first publication to show that B. paramycoides has the ability to biocontrol Trichoderma spp.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven bacterial cultures inhibited at least one Trichoderma species by 2.7-73.3%.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporust0 - Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of at least one species of Trichodermae0
- Value
- 2.7-73.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11 cultures inhibited growth of at least one species of Trichoderma (2.7-73.3%)”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
The eleven cultures reduced test fungi dry biomass by 10.1 to 82.6%.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Outcome
- dry biomass of test fungie0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.1 to 82.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These 11 cultures reduced dry biomass of test fungi also ranging from 10.1 to 82.6%”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus isolate V37 most effectively inhibited Trichoderma spore germination.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp.Trichodermae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus isolate V37e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- spore germination of Trichoderma spp.e0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 0.3-8.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus isolate V37 was most effective in inhibiting spore germination of Trichoderma spp. (0.3-8.7%)”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus V37 treated bags had 2.4-4.6% green mold incidence versus 16-25% in controls.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Treatment
- Bacillus isolate V37e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus isolate V37e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- incidence of green molde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 2.4-4.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 16-25%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bags treated with Bacillus isolate V37 showed lowest incidence of green mold (2.4-4.6%), than control (16-25%)”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
V37 was identified as Bacillus paramycoides PP757924.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- Bacillus paramycoides PP757924Bacillus paramycoidese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Bacillus paramycoides PP757924e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolate V37 was identified as Bacillus paramycoides PP757924”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
The intracellular extract showed highest antifungal activity against T. asperellum at 21.69 mm.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume0pathogen - Second interactor
- B. paramycoidesBacillus paramycoidese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antifungal activity against T. asperellume0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 21.69 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The intracellular extract of B. paramycoides demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against T. asperellum (21.69 mm)”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracellular extract was most effective against T. viride at 22.51 mm.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- T. viride
Trichoderma viridee0pathogen - Outcome
- effective against T. viridee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 22.51 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extracellular extract was most effective against T. viride (22.51 mm)”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracellular extract was most effective against T. harzianum at 19.96 mm.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0pathogen
- Outcome
- T. harzianume0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 19.96 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extracellular extract was most effective against T. viride (22.51 mm) and T. harzianum (19.96 mm)”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Intracellular extract contained 19 secondary metabolites.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- B. paramycoidesBacillus paramycoidese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- secondary metabolitese0
- Value
- 19e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intra- and extracellular extracts of B. paramycoides showed 19 and 27 secondary metabolites, respectively”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracellular extract contained 27 secondary metabolites.
- Taxon
- Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporust0
- Interactor
- B. paramycoidesBacillus paramycoidese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- secondary metabolitese0
- Value
- 27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intra- and extracellular extracts of B. paramycoides showed 19 and 27 secondary metabolites, respectively”
t0“AGARICUS BISPORUS”