Abstract
SOIL salinization is one of the major threats that hinder crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to water scarcity therein, the biological approach could be the optimum solution of soil reclamation. Thus, the current study investigated the impacts of applying humic substances, namely potassium humate (KH), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), solely or in combination with P-dissolving bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) to augment sugar beet growth and production in a saline-sodic soil. Also, it assessed changes in soil characteristics by the end of the experimental period in order to evaluate how effectiveness was this strategy for soil reclamation. A field experiment was therefore conducted for two successive seasons, comprising 9 treatments (all received the recommended P-rate, but in different sources): CaH2PO4 (T1), H3PO4 (T2), rock phosphate(RP)+KH (T3), RP+HA (T4), RP+FA (T5), RP+B. megaterium (T6), RP+B. megaterium+KH (T7), PRP+B. megaterium+ HA (T8), RP +B. megaterium+FA (T9). Results revealed that there were no significant variations detected in SPAD among treatments after 80 days of planting (DAP); yet, SPAD in all treatments surpassed the control after 170 DAP. Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6). In particular, the highest increases in straw-yield were recorded for T3, while the highest corresponding increases in tuber yield were for T2, T4 and T6. In case of proline, it level increased significantly in all treatments versus the control. This component was positively correlated with all growth parameters and yield components, even with soil organic matter (SOM). Additionally, proline and SOM were both positively correlated with P-available content in soil and its distribution within plants. Root secretions likely increased under stress to (1) increase the activities of soil biota as denoted by the increasing dehydrogenase activities, and in particular enhanced P-dissolving bacteria, increasing P availability in soil. (2) Their byproducts build up soil organic matter (dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with SOM). Moreover, (3), these organics formed aggregates that decreased soil bulk density (BD). There existed positive correlations between BD and each of EC and ESP. Thus, using either humic-extracts or P-dissolving bacteria could be a suitable strategy to increase sugar beet production in saline-sodic soils while significantly decreasing soil EC and ESP. However, even after two growing seasons, the soil remained saline. Thus, it is necessary to test the the long-term efficiency of these reclamation methods to ensure its effectiveness and sustainability, while also considering economic benefits
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD did not differ significantly among sugar beet treatments at 80 days after planting.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1 - Outcome
- SPADe2
- Qualifier
- after 80 days of planting (DAP)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“there were no significant variations detected in SPAD among treatments after 80 days of planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
In all treatments, SPAD surpassed the control after 170 days after planting.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse3
- Outcome
- SPADe3
- Direction
- surpassede3
- Qualifier
- after 170 DAPe3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e3“SPAD in all treatments surpassed the control after 170 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly under the treatments.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- shoot and tuber yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments T7-T9 were not as efficient as single treatments T3-T6 in raising shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- combined treatments (T7-T9)e1
- Outcome
- shoot and tuber yieldse1
- Direction
- not as efficiente1
- Comparator
- single ones in this concern (T3-T6)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T3 gave the highest increase in straw-yield of sugar beet.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- T3e2
- Outcome
- straw-yielde2
- Direction
- highest increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“the highest increases in straw-yield were recorded for T3”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments T2, T4 and T6 gave the highest increases in tuber yield of sugar beet.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- T2, T4 and T6e2
- Outcome
- tuber yielde2
- Direction
- highest corresponding increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“the highest corresponding increases in tuber yield were for T2, T4 and T6”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline level increased significantly in all sugar beet treatments compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- prolinee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“In case of proline, it level increased significantly in all treatments versus the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline was positively correlated with all growth parameters and yield components of sugar beet.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- prolinee2
- Outcome
- growth parameters and yield componentse2
- Direction
- positively correlatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“In case of proline, it level increased significantly in all treatments versus the control. This component was positively correlated with all growth parameters and yield components”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline was positively correlated with soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- prolinee2
- Outcome
- soil organic matter (SOM)e3
- Direction
- positively correlatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“In case of proline, it level increased significantly in all treatments versus the control. This component was positively correlated with all growth parameters and yield components”
e3“This component was positively correlated with all growth parameters and yield components, even with soil organic matter (SOM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline and soil organic matter were positively correlated with P-available content in soil.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- prolinee2
- Outcome
- P-available content in soile2
- Direction
- positively correlatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“Additionally, proline and SOM were both positively correlated with P-available content in soil and its distribution within plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- SOMe2
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase activitye2
- Direction
- positively correlatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with SOM”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density was positively correlated with EC and ESP in the soil.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- EC and ESPe2
- Outcome
- BDe2
- Direction
- positivee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“There existed positive correlations between BD and each of EC and ESP”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic extracts or P-dissolving bacteria significantly decreased soil EC and ESP in saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- humic-extracts or P-dissolving bacteriae2
- Outcome
- soil EC and ESPe2
- Direction
- decreasinge2
- Setting
- saline-sodic soilse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“using either humic-extracts or P-dissolving bacteria could be a suitable strategy to increase sugar beet production in saline-sodic soils while significantly decreasing soil EC and ESP”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic extracts or P-dissolving bacteria could be a suitable strategy to increase sugar beet production in saline-sodic soils.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Outcome
- sugar beet productione2
- Setting
- saline-sodic soilse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“using either humic-extracts or P-dissolving bacteria could be a suitable strategy to increase sugar beet production in saline-sodic soils while significantly decreasing soil EC and ESP”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil remained saline after two growing seasons.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- the soil remained salinee2
- Qualifier
- even after two growing seasonse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“However, even after two growing seasons, the soil remained saline”
Claim · model-written summary
Root secretions likely increased P availability in soil by enhancing P-dissolving bacteria and soil biota activity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- P availability in soile2
- Qualifier
- Root secretions likely increased under stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“Root secretions likely increased under stress to (1) increase the activities of soil biota as denoted by the increasing dehydrogenase activities, and in particular enhanced P-dissolving bacteria, increasing P availability in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Organics formed aggregates that decreased soil bulk density (BD).
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- soil bulk density (BD)e2
- Qualifier
- these organics formed aggregatese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Also, shoot and tuber yields of sugar beet increased significantly; yet combined treatments (T7-T9) were not as efficient as single ones in this concern (T3-T6)”
e2“Moreover, (3), these organics formed aggregates that decreased soil bulk density (BD)”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · soil: chemistry · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
other · soil: chemistry · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.