Abstract
The cyst nematode pathogens can cause a yield loss of 30-50% via stunting root growth on grains (Bonfil et al. 2004). Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi, and H. latipons are identified as the most economically influential and harmful species on wheat (Toumi et al. 2016). H. filipjevi was first detected in Henan Province in 2010, and had subsequently spread to many provinces (Peng et al. 2010; Peng et al. 2016; Cui et al. 2021). In May 2022, wheat plants showing yellowing and premature senescence were observed in different wheat planting areas throughout Shaanxi Province. Nine soil samples were collected from Pucheng County (34°94'32"N, 109°57'23"E) of Shaanxi Province. Among them, six soil samples were detected to have cysts via the sieving-decanting method with an average cyst population density of 10.6 cysts per 100 cubic centimeters of soil. The cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were identified based on both morphological and molecular identification. Morphologically, the cysts are lemon shaped, with a protruding vulval cone. The shell surface had a Z-shaped pattern and covered with a white subgrain layer. The cone of the vulva is bifenestrate in horseshoe-shape. Underbridge exists and is well-developed. The measurements of the cysts (n=16) as follows: body length 670.24 ± 60.67 (593.43 to 778.42) μm; body width 479.03 ± 54.51 (355.91 to 567.52) μm; length/width ratio 1.41 ± 0.16 (1.20 to 1.72); fenestra length 52.30 ± 4.32 (46.82 to 59.13) μm; fenestra width 27.59 ± 3.39 (22.42 to 34.91) μm; vulval slit length 9.17 ± 0.47 (8.69 to 10.37) μm. J2s measurements (n=15) as follow: body length 522.46 ± 24.18 (482.54 to 572.23) μm; body width 26.47 ± 3.08 (22.21 to 30.16) μm; stylet length 23.42 ± 3.24 (16.48 to 29.11) μm. These morphological characteristics and morphometrics are consistent with those of H. filipjevi (Peng et al. 2010). The DNA of single cyst was extracted with four replicates (Shao et al. 2022). The COI fragment sequence was amplified with the specific primers (HfF9/HafR8) according to Niu's research (Niu et al. 2016). The identities of amplification fragments (Genbank PQ650771, PQ650772 and PQ650773) are 98.77%, 99.08% and 98.77% matching the published sequences of H. filipjevi (MG523031.1 and MK093059.1), respectively. We also used the RAPD species-specific primers of H. filipjevi (HfF1/HfR1) to acquire 647bp sequences (Genbank PV165784, PV165785 and PV165786) which have 99.54%, 99.38% and 99.38%identities with published H. filipjevi sequence (KC529338.1) (Peng et al. 2013). Pathogenicity was confirmed by infecting wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Weilong 169'). The eggs of the cyst nematode population hatched at 15℃, and the emerged J2s were used for potted wheat inoculating in greenhouse under 18-24℃. Nine plants in three pots were inoculated and three plants in one pot remained served as the uninoculated control, the inoculum was 800 J2s per pot. After three months, an average of 15.7 cysts were detected from each of the inoculated plants, and the cysts were identified as H. filipjevi via molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. filipjevi in shaanxi. As Shaanxi is an important part of the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region in China, where its occurrence should be attached great importance.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat plants in Shaanxi showed yellowing and premature senescence.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- yellowing and premature senescencee0
- Setting
- Shaanxi Provincee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat plants showing yellowing and premature senescence were observed in different wheat planting areas throughout Shaanxi Province.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six of nine soil samples contained cysts, at a mean density of 10.6 per 100 cubic centimeters.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cyst population densitye0
- Value
- 10.6 cysts per 100 cubic centimeters of soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six soil samples were detected to have cysts via the sieving-decanting method with an average cyst population density of 10.6 cysts per 100 cubic centimeters of soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyst morphology and measurements were consistent with H. filipjevi.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- H. filipjeviHeterodera filipjevie0pathogen
- Outcome
- morphological characteristics and morphometricse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These morphological characteristics and morphometrics are consistent with those of H. filipjevi”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
COI sequences matched published H. filipjevi sequences at 98.77%, 99.08%, and 98.77% identity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- H. filipjeviHeterodera filipjevie0pathogen
- Outcome
- identities of amplification fragmentse0
- Value
- 98.77%, 99.08% and 98.77%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The identities of amplification fragments (Genbank PQ650771, PQ650772 and PQ650773) are 98.77%, 99.08% and 98.77% matching the published sequences of H. filipjevi”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Species-specific RAPD sequences had 99.54%, 99.38%, and 99.38% identity with a published H. filipjevi sequence.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- H. filipjeviHeterodera filipjevie0pathogen
- Outcome
- identitiese0
- Value
- 99.54%, 99.38% and 99.38%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“have 99.54%, 99.38% and 99.38%identities with published H. filipjevi sequence”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated wheat yielded an average of 15.7 H. filipjevi cysts per plant after three months.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- Weilong 169e2
- Treatment
- infecting wheate2
- Interactor
- H. filipjeviHeterodera filipjevie0pathogen
- Outcome
- cystse0
- Value
- 15.7 cystse0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After three months, an average of 15.7 cysts were detected from each of the inoculated plants, and the cysts were identified as H. filipjevi via molecular characteristics.”
e1“three plants in one pot remained served as the uninoculated control”
e2“Pathogenicity was confirmed by infecting wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Weilong 169').”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report H. filipjevi in Shaanxi for the first time.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- H. filipjeviHeterodera filipjevie0pathogen
- Outcome
- first report of H. filipjevi in shaanxie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of H. filipjevi in shaanxi.”
t0“Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
infection · Heterodera filipjevi · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.