Abstract
Peel coloration in bicolored apples is decisive for their commercial value and varieties like ‘Nicoter’ and ‘Rosy Glow’ need to achieve 33 and 40% red peel color to be marketed under the trade names ‘Kanzi®’ and ‘Pink Lady®’, respectively. Pneumatic defoliation of apple trees is a novel technique to lower the amount of leaf area and, along with pre-harvest pruning, it can improve peel coloration by increasing sunlight incidence on fruit. Our experiments showed that in fact the color index and the amount of anthocyanins, the latter being responsible for the red fruit peel, increased up to 100% after pneumatic defoliation (PD) and pre-harvest pruning (P), or their combination (P+PD), over three years. Anthocyanin contents in ‘Rosy Glow’ apple peels rose irrespective of the orientation and side of the fruit, while in ‘Nicoter’ they increased only on the sun-exposed fruit side. The extent depended on the harvest year and its meteorological conditions and our results showed that the effect is greater in years with high pre-harvest temperatures. In most combinations of year and variety, the three treatments P, PD and P+PD were equally effective.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Pneumatic defoliation increased apple peel color index and anthocyanins by up to 100%.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- pneumatic defoliation (PD)e0
- Outcome
- color index and the amount of anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 100%e0
- Qualifier
- over three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the color index and the amount of anthocyanins, the latter being responsible for the red fruit peel, increased up to 100% after pneumatic defoliation (PD) and pre-harvest pruning (P), or their combination (P+PD), over three years”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-harvest pruning increased apple peel color index and anthocyanins by up to 100%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pre-harvest pruning (P)e0
- Outcome
- color index and the amount of anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 100%e0
- Qualifier
- over three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the color index and the amount of anthocyanins, the latter being responsible for the red fruit peel, increased up to 100% after pneumatic defoliation (PD) and pre-harvest pruning (P), or their combination (P+PD), over three years”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined pruning and pneumatic defoliation increased apple peel color index and anthocyanins by up to 100%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- their combination (P+PD)e0
- Outcome
- color index and the amount of anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 100%e0
- Qualifier
- over three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the color index and the amount of anthocyanins, the latter being responsible for the red fruit peel, increased up to 100% after pneumatic defoliation (PD) and pre-harvest pruning (P), or their combination (P+PD), over three years”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanins rose in Rosy Glow peels regardless of fruit orientation and side.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Rosy Glow’e0
- Organ / stage
- peelse0
- Outcome
- Anthocyanin contentse0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of the orientation and side of the fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthocyanin contents in ‘Rosy Glow’ apple peels rose irrespective of the orientation and side of the fruit”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
In Nicoter apples, peel anthocyanins increased only on the sun-exposed fruit side.
Not reportedTaxonOutcome
Verbatim
e0“in ‘Nicoter’ they increased only on the sun-exposed fruit side”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment effects were greater in years with high pre-harvest temperatures.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the effect is greater in years with high pre-harvest temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning, defoliation and their combination were equally effective in most year and variety combinations.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In most combinations of year and variety, the three treatments P, PD and P+PD were equally effective”
The same questions in other papers
pruning · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.