Abstract
Bell pepper is a vegetable with beneficial properties for human nutrition. However, salinity is an abiotic factor affecting bell pepper yield in arid and semi-arid areas of Peru. The objective was to determine the combined effect of humic acid (HA) with Trichoderma harzianum (TH) as sustainable alternatives to increase the yield of bell peppers subjected to salt stress. The experiment was carried in field out during the 2023 and 2024 seasons design with a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme, referring to the electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water (0 and 4 dSm-1), HA (0, 15 and 30 L ha-1) and TH (0 and 1 kg ha-1). Agronomic and yield-related parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the saline soil accompanied by irrigations of 0 and 4 dS m-1 of EC, showed a significant decrease in agronomic parameters and an increase in concentration of sodium and chlorine in bell pepper leaves. However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress. It also significantly increases the concentration of potassium and calcium in the leaves (37.88 and 48.71%), K+/ Na+ ratio (72.07 and 74.93%) and proline content (58.60 and 59.31%) superior to the control, as a defense mechanism against salt stress. Therefore, as the dose of humic acids combined with Trichoderma harzianum is increased, the plant shows tolerance to salinity, being a sustainable alternative of bell pepper to reduce salt stress in arid and semi-arid areas of Peru.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly decreased bell pepper agronomic parameters.
- Taxon
- bell peppere0
- Treatment
- saline soil accompanied by irrigations of 0 and 4 dS m-1 of ECe0
- Outcome
- agronomic parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the saline soil accompanied by irrigations of 0 and 4 dS m-1 of EC, showed a significant decrease in agronomic parameters and an increase in concentration of sodium and chlorine in bell pepper leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased sodium and chlorine concentrations in bell pepper leaves.
- Taxon
- bell peppere0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- saline soil accompanied by irrigations of 0 and 4 dS m-1 of ECe0
- Outcome
- concentration of sodium and chlorinee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the saline soil accompanied by irrigations of 0 and 4 dS m-1 of EC, showed a significant decrease in agronomic parameters and an increase in concentration of sodium and chlorine in bell pepper leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper plant height relative to salt-stressed plants (86.53 y 86,42%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper root dry weight relative to salt-stressed plants (95.44 y 95.32%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper plant dry weight relative to salt-stressed plants (90.46 y 90.41%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper fruit length relative to salt-stressed plants (64.6 y 63.74%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper width relative to salt-stressed plants (58.47 y 57.31%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper fruit content per plant relative to salt-stressed plants (91.49 y 91.30%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper fruit weight per plant relative to salt-stressed plants (93.29 and 93.15%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with TH improved bell pepper total yield relative to salt-stressed plants (89.54 and 89.23%).
Verbatim
e0“However, the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH increase in plant height (86.53 y 86,42%), higher root dry weight (95.44 y 95.32%) and plant dry weight (90.46 y 90.41%), also, greatly improved fruit length 64.6 y 63.74%) and width (58.47 y 57.31%), significantly increased fruit content per plant (91.49 y 91.30%), fruit weight per plant (93.29 and 93.15%) and total yield (89.54 and 89.23%) in relation to plants subjected to salt stress.”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased bell pepper concentration of potassium relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly increases the concentration of potassium and calcium in the leaves (37.88 and 48.71%), K+/ Na+ ratio (72.07 and 74.93%) and proline content (58.60 and 59.31%) superior to the control, as a defense mechanism against salt stress.”
e1“the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased bell pepper calcium relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly increases the concentration of potassium and calcium in the leaves (37.88 and 48.71%), K+/ Na+ ratio (72.07 and 74.93%) and proline content (58.60 and 59.31%) superior to the control, as a defense mechanism against salt stress.”
e1“the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased bell pepper K+/ Na+ ratio relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly increases the concentration of potassium and calcium in the leaves (37.88 and 48.71%), K+/ Na+ ratio (72.07 and 74.93%) and proline content (58.60 and 59.31%) superior to the control, as a defense mechanism against salt stress.”
e1“the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH”
t0“bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased bell pepper proline content relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly increases the concentration of potassium and calcium in the leaves (37.88 and 48.71%), K+/ Na+ ratio (72.07 and 74.93%) and proline content (58.60 and 59.31%) superior to the control, as a defense mechanism against salt stress.”
e1“the application of 30 L ha-1 of HA with TH”
t0“bell pepper”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · molecular: metabolites · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Trichoderma harzianum · yield · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →other · nutrient: content · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →other · growth · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →other · yield · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
other · physiology: osmolytes · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.