Abstract
Abstract Calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CPKs) play crucial roles in plant guard cell signal transduction. Ethylene is known to induce stomatal closure, with the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )‐nitric oxide (NO) signalling module being pivotal to this process. However, the specific roles of CPKs in this process and their interactions with H 2 O 2 and NO remain unclear. In this study, we screened Arabidopsis mutants of nine CPKs and found that in the loss‐of‐function mutants for CPK3 , CPK4 , CPK6 , CPK11 , CPK21 , and CPK33 , exogenous ethylene failed to induce stomatal closure, indicating that these CPKs act as positive regulators in ethylene‐induced stomatal closure. Mutants' stomatal responses to H 2 O 2 and NO treatment and changes of endogenous H 2 O 2 and NO levels in guard cells upon ethylene treatment indicated that CPK3, CPK4, CPK11, and CPK33 function upstream of the H 2 O 2 ‐NO module, while CPK6 and CPK21 act downstream. Furthermore, NADPH oxidases play critical roles in ethylene‐induced H 2 O 2 production. We identified the interactions of CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 with AtRBOHF, and CPK4 and CPK11 with AtRBOHD using four different assays, and exogenous ethylene enhanced these interactions. These results suggest that CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 may mediate ethylene‐induced H 2 O 2 formation in guard cells through their interactions with AtRBOHD/F. Additionally, exogenous ethylene significantly upregulates the expression of CPK3 , CPK4 , CPK6 , CPK11 and CPK21 , providing a potential mechanism by which ethylene modulates CPKs. Our findings not only establish the role of CPKs in ethylene guard cell signalling but also offer insights into the mechanism by which ethylene activates NADPH oxidases to initiate H 2 O 2 production.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of function of six CPKs prevented ethylene-induced stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Material
- loss‐of‐function mutantse0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethylenee0
- Gene
- CPK3 , CPK4 , CPK6 , CPK11 , CPK21 , and CPK33e0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- failed to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the loss‐of‐function mutants for CPK3 , CPK4 , CPK6 , CPK11 , CPK21 , and CPK33 , exogenous ethylene failed to induce stomatal closure”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK3, CPK4, CPK11 and CPK33 function upstream of the H 2 O 2 ‐NO module.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CPK3, CPK4, CPK11, and CPK33e0
- Outcome
- upstream of the H 2 O 2 ‐NO modulee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPK3, CPK4, CPK11, and CPK33 function upstream of the H 2 O 2 ‐NO module”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK6 and CPK21 act downstream of the H 2 O 2 ‐NO module.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CPK6 and CPK21e0
- Outcome
- act downstreame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPK6 and CPK21 act downstream”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH oxidases have critical roles in ethylene-induced H 2 O 2 production.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- NADPH oxidasese0
- Outcome
- ethylene‐induced H 2 O 2 productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NADPH oxidases play critical roles in ethylene‐induced H 2 O 2 production”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK3, CPK4 and CPK11 interact with AtRBOHF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11e0
- Outcome
- interactions of CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 with AtRBOHFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interactions of CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 with AtRBOHF”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK4 and CPK11 interact with AtRBOHD.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CPK4 and CPK11e0
- Outcome
- CPK4 and CPK11 with AtRBOHDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPK4 and CPK11 with AtRBOHD”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethylene enhanced CPK interactions with AtRBOHD/F.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethylenee0
- Outcome
- interactionse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ethylene enhanced these interactions”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK3, CPK4 and CPK11 may mediate ethylene-induced H 2 O 2 formation through AtRBOHD/F interactions.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11e0
- Outcome
- ethylene‐induced H 2 O 2 formatione0
- Qualifier
- maye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 may mediate ethylene‐induced H 2 O 2 formation in guard cells through their interactions with AtRBOHD/F”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethylene significantly upregulated expression of five CPK genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethylenee0
- Gene
- CPK3 , CPK4 , CPK6 , CPK11 and CPK21e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ethylene significantly upregulates the expression of CPK3 , CPK4 , CPK6 , CPK11 and CPK21”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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See all 35 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.