Abstract
Plants are naturally subjected to various types of biotic stresses, including pathogenic microorganisms and herbivory by insects, which trigger different signaling pathways and related defense mechanisms. Inoculation with microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), can be seen as a form of stress because it triggers a systemic resistance response in plants similar to that caused by insect herbivory. However, these interactions have typically been studied independently, which has limited the understanding of their combined effects. This study examines the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 inoculation and Spodoptera frugiperda herbivory on the total phenolic contents of Ocimum basilicum. We also analyze the levels of endogenous phytohormones and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a crucial enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic defense-related metabolites. The results indicate that the total phenolic content significantly increased only in plants that were both inoculated by GB03 and damaged by larvae. Additionally, PAL activity showed an increase in plants that were damaged by larvae and in those subjected to the combined treatment of larval damage and inoculation with GB03. Regarding phytohormones, in plants damaged by insects, the levels of salicylic acid (SA) increased, regardless of whether they were inoculated or not, while the levels of jasmonic acid–isoleucine (JA-ile) rose in all treatments compared to the control. This study highlights the intricate relationships among beneficial microbes, herbivores, and plant defense mechanisms, emphasizing their potential impact on improving plant resilience and the production of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, understanding the independent effects of PGPR inoculation, beyond its interaction with herbivory, could provide valuable insights into its role as a sustainable alternative for enhancing plant defense responses and promoting crop productivity.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Combined GB03 inoculation and larval damage significantly increased total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- inoculated by GB03 and damaged by larvaee0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicate that the total phenolic content significantly increased only in plants that were both inoculated by GB03 and damaged by larvae.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval damage increased PAL activity.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- damaged by larvaee0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- PAL activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAL activity showed an increase in plants that were damaged by larvae and in those subjected to the combined treatment of larval damage and inoculation with GB03.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval damage with GB03 inoculation increased PAL activity.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- larval damage and inoculation with GB03e0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- PAL activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAL activity showed an increase in plants that were damaged by larvae and in those subjected to the combined treatment of larval damage and inoculation with GB03.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect damage increased salicylic acid levels regardless of inoculation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- damaged by insectse0
- Outcome
- levels of salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in plants damaged by insects, the levels of salicylic acid (SA) increased, regardless of whether they were inoculated or not, while the levels of jasmonic acid–isoleucine (JA-ile) rose in all treatments compared to the control.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments raised jasmonic acid–isoleucine levels relative to control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- levels of jasmonic acid–isoleucine (JA-ile)e0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in plants damaged by insects, the levels of salicylic acid (SA) increased, regardless of whether they were inoculated or not, while the levels of jasmonic acid–isoleucine (JA-ile) rose in all treatments compared to the control.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · quality: phytochemicals · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →inoculation · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.