Abstract
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide. During storage, potato tubers are vulnerable to various phytopathogenic fungi. Dry rot, caused by Fusarium incarnatum, is a common and serious disease that affects potato tubers, leading to partial or complete decay during storage. The current study assessed the effectiveness of three ethanolic extracts including cinnamon bark (CIB), clove buds (CLB), and avocado seeds (AVS) in controlling potato dry rot under both normal and cold storage conditions. In vitro bioassay demonstrated that all tested extracts exhibited a dose-dependent fungistatic effect against F. incarnatum, with inhibition percentages of 83.33% for CIB, 72.22% for CLB, and 67.77% for AVS at the highest tested concentration. Moreover, dipping potato tubers in the tested extracts markedly reduced the severity of dry rot disease under both normal and cold storage conditions. Additionally, treated tubers showed increased activities of defense-related enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Furthermore, there were higher levels of total soluble phenolics and flavonoids, along with an increase in lignin content and a reduction in the weight loss of stored potato tubers compared to the control group. Moreover, the extracts mitigated infection stress and lowered malondialdehyde levels in the treated potato tubers. These extracts show potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides for managing potato dry rot caused by F. incarnatum under normal and cold storage.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The three ethanolic extracts had a dose-dependent fungistatic effect on Fusarium incarnatum in vitro.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume3 - Treatment
- three ethanolic extractse2
- Interactor
- F. incarnatumFusarium incarnatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- fungistatic effecte1
- Direction
- dose-dependente1
- Setting
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In vitro bioassay demonstrated that all tested extracts exhibited a dose-dependent fungistatic effect against F. incarnatum, with inhibition percentages of 83.33% for CIB, 72.22% for CLB, and 67.77% for AVS at the highest tested concentration”
e2“three ethanolic extracts including cinnamon bark (CIB), clove buds (CLB), and avocado seeds (AVS)”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon bark extract inhibited Fusarium incarnatum in vitro by 83.33% at the highest tested concentration.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Treatment
- cinnamon bark (CIB)e2
- Interactor
- F. incarnatumFusarium incarnatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition percentagese1
- Value
- 83.33%e1
- Qualifier
- at the highest tested concentratione1
- Setting
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In vitro bioassay demonstrated that all tested extracts exhibited a dose-dependent fungistatic effect against F. incarnatum, with inhibition percentages of 83.33% for CIB, 72.22% for CLB, and 67.77% for AVS at the highest tested concentration”
e2“three ethanolic extracts including cinnamon bark (CIB), clove buds (CLB), and avocado seeds (AVS)”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove bud extract inhibited Fusarium incarnatum in vitro by 72.22% at the highest tested concentration.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Treatment
- clove buds (CLB)e2
- Interactor
- F. incarnatumFusarium incarnatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition percentagese1
- Value
- 72.22%e1
- Qualifier
- at the highest tested concentratione1
- Setting
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In vitro bioassay demonstrated that all tested extracts exhibited a dose-dependent fungistatic effect against F. incarnatum, with inhibition percentages of 83.33% for CIB, 72.22% for CLB, and 67.77% for AVS at the highest tested concentration”
e2“three ethanolic extracts including cinnamon bark (CIB), clove buds (CLB), and avocado seeds (AVS)”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado seed extract inhibited Fusarium incarnatum in vitro by 67.77% at the highest tested concentration.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Treatment
- avocado seeds (AVS)e2
- Interactor
- F. incarnatumFusarium incarnatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition percentagese1
- Value
- 67.77%e1
- Qualifier
- at the highest tested concentratione1
- Setting
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In vitro bioassay demonstrated that all tested extracts exhibited a dose-dependent fungistatic effect against F. incarnatum, with inhibition percentages of 83.33% for CIB, 72.22% for CLB, and 67.77% for AVS at the highest tested concentration”
e2“three ethanolic extracts including cinnamon bark (CIB), clove buds (CLB), and avocado seeds (AVS)”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Dipping potato tubers in the extracts markedly reduced dry rot severity under normal and cold storage.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Treatment
- dipping potato tubers in the tested extractse1
- Outcome
- severity of dry rot diseasee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
- Setting
- normal and cold storage conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“dipping potato tubers in the tested extracts markedly reduced the severity of dry rot disease under both normal and cold storage conditions”
e2“compared to the control group”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract-treated potato tubers showed increased activities of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Gene
- catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidasee1
- Outcome
- activities of defense-related enzymese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“treated tubers showed increased activities of defense-related enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase”
e2“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract-treated potato tubers showed increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee1
- Outcome
- activities of defense-related enzymese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“treated tubers showed increased activities of defense-related enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase”
e2“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract-treated potato tubers had higher total soluble phenolics and flavonoids than the control group.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Outcome
- total soluble phenolics and flavonoidse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“there were higher levels of total soluble phenolics and flavonoids”
e2“compared to the control group”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract-treated potato tubers had an increase in lignin content relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Outcome
- lignin contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“along with an increase in lignin content and a reduction in the weight loss of stored potato tubers”
e2“compared to the control group”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract-treated stored potato tubers had reduced weight loss relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Outcome
- weight loss of stored potato tuberse1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“a reduction in the weight loss of stored potato tubers”
e2“compared to the control group”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts mitigated infection stress in potato tubers.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Treatment
- the extractse1
- Outcome
- infection stresse1
- Direction
- mitigatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the extracts mitigated infection stress”
e2“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract-treated potato tubers had lowered malondialdehyde levels.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume3
- Treatment
- the extractse2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde levelse1
- Direction
- lowerede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“lowered malondialdehyde levels in the treated potato tubers”
e2“the extracts mitigated infection stress”
e3“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracts show potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides for managing potato dry rot.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Treatment
- environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fungicidese1
- Outcome
- managing potato dry rote1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These extracts show potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides for managing potato dry rot caused by F. incarnatum under normal and cold storage”
e2“The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide”
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