Abstract
• FOS was compatible with push–pull intercropping in managing Striga hermonthica. • FOS development was not affected by phenolic acids and legume root exudates. • FOS integration with push–pull resulted in strong suppression of S. hermonthica. • Legume species enhanced the proliferation of FOS in the rhizosphere. • Piperonylic acid was exclusively exuded from Mucuna pruriens . Biological control of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. includes push–pull intercropping using legumes, and soil-borne fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS). Efficacy of both technologies is compromised by various environmental factors. Combining them could potentially overcome their limitations and enhance control of S. hermonthica . It was hypothesized that FOS inoculation is compatible with push–pull intercropping, allowing consistent S. hermonthica suppression. Effects of selected phenolic acids and crude root exudates from three legume species ( Mucuna pruriens , Desmodium uncinatum , Crotalaria juncea ) on FOS mycelial growth and spore germination were studied. Bioassays showed that most phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic) had no effect on FOS development, except for piperonylic (80 %, 38 %) and t -cinnamic (53 %, 33 %) acids, which strongly inhibited growth at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectively. Crude root exudates from Crotalaria inhibited FOS mycelial growth at 1 (44 %) and 0.5 (32 %) mg/ml. Desmodium and Mucuna exudates showed no inhibition. Greenhouse results showed that legume intercropping and FOS inoculation reduced S. hermonthica emergence, with their integration achieving over 95 % suppression and boosting maize biomass. Legume presence enhanced FOS proliferation, with Mucuna and Desmodium increasing FOS gene copy numbers by over 44 %. LC-MS analysis identified nine phenolic acids, with p -coumaric (85–128 µg g −1 ) and p -hydroxybenzoic (50–97 µg g −1 ) acid being most abundant; the latter positively correlated with FOS abundance. In this setting, legume intercropping with maize did not impair FOS proliferation in rhizosphere soil and effectively suppressed S. hermonthica , demonstrating compatibility of FOS inoculation with push–pull for effective S. hermonthica management.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Piperonylic acid strongly inhibited FOS growth at 1 mM, with 80% inhibition
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- piperonylice0
- Interactor
- FOSe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 80 %e0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e0“Bioassays showed that most phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic) had no effect on FOS development, except for piperonylic (80 %, 38 %) and t -cinnamic (53 %, 33 %) acids, which strongly inhibited growth at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Piperonylic acid strongly inhibited FOS growth at 0.5 mM, with 38% inhibition
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- piperonylice0
- Interactor
- FOSe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 38 %e0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e0“Bioassays showed that most phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic) had no effect on FOS development, except for piperonylic (80 %, 38 %) and t -cinnamic (53 %, 33 %) acids, which strongly inhibited growth at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
t-cinnamic acid strongly inhibited FOS growth at 1 mM, with 53% inhibition
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- t -cinnamice0
- Interactor
- FOSe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 53 %e0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e0“Bioassays showed that most phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic) had no effect on FOS development, except for piperonylic (80 %, 38 %) and t -cinnamic (53 %, 33 %) acids, which strongly inhibited growth at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
t-cinnamic acid strongly inhibited FOS growth at 0.5 mM, with 33% inhibition
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- t -cinnamice0
- Interactor
- FOSe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 33 %e0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e0“Bioassays showed that most phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic) had no effect on FOS development, except for piperonylic (80 %, 38 %) and t -cinnamic (53 %, 33 %) acids, which strongly inhibited growth at concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mM, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Most phenolic acids had no effect on FOS development
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- phenolic acidse1
- Interactor
- FOSe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- FOS developmente1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e1“most phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, p -hydroxybenzoic, syringic) had no effect on FOS development”
Claim · model-written summary
Crotalaria root exudates inhibited FOS mycelial growth, with 44% inhibition at 1 mg/ml
- Taxon
- Crotalaria
Crotalariae2 - Treatment
- Crude root exudatese2
- Interactor
- FOSe2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- FOS mycelial growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Value
- 44 %e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e2“Crude root exudates from Crotalaria inhibited FOS mycelial growth at 1 (44 %) and 0.5 (32 %) mg/ml”
Claim · model-written summary
Crotalaria root exudates inhibited FOS mycelial growth, with 32% inhibition at 0.5 mg/ml
- Taxon
- CrotalariaCrotalariae2
- Treatment
- Crude root exudatese2
- Interactor
- FOSe2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- FOS mycelial growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Value
- 32 %e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e2“Crude root exudates from Crotalaria inhibited FOS mycelial growth at 1 (44 %) and 0.5 (32 %) mg/ml”
Claim · model-written summary
Desmodium and Mucuna root exudates did not inhibit FOS
Mucuna
DesmodiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e3“Desmodium and Mucuna exudates showed no inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume intercropping and FOS inoculation reduced Striga hermonthica emergence in maize greenhouse trials
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- legume intercropping and FOS inoculatione4
- Interactor
- S. hermonthica
Striga hermonthicae4weed - Second interactor
- FOSe4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- emergencee4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e4“Greenhouse results showed that legume intercropping and FOS inoculation reduced S. hermonthica emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume intercropping with FOS inoculation achieved over 95% suppression of Striga hermonthica
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- legume intercropping and FOS inoculatione4
- Interactor
- S. hermonthicaStriga hermonthicae4weed
- Second interactor
- FOSe4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- suppressione5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- over 95 %e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e4“Greenhouse results showed that legume intercropping and FOS inoculation reduced S. hermonthica emergence”
e5“with their integration achieving over 95 % suppression and boosting maize biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume intercropping with FOS inoculation boosted maize biomass
- Treatment
- legume intercropping and FOS inoculatione4
- Interactor
- S. hermonthicaStriga hermonthicae4weed
- Second interactor
- FOSe4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- maize biomasse5
- Direction
- boostinge5
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e4“Greenhouse results showed that legume intercropping and FOS inoculation reduced S. hermonthica emergence”
e5“with their integration achieving over 95 % suppression and boosting maize biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume intercropping with maize did not impair FOS proliferation in rhizosphere soil
- Treatment
- legume intercroppinge6
- Interactor
- FOSe6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- FOS proliferatione6
- Direction
- did not impaire6
- Setting
- rhizosphere soile6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e6“legume intercropping with maize did not impair FOS proliferation in rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume presence enhanced FOS proliferation in the rhizosphere
- Taxon
- Legumet0
- Treatment
- Legume presencee7
- Interactor
- FOSe7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- FOS proliferatione7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e7“Legume presence enhanced FOS proliferation, with Mucuna and Desmodium increasing FOS gene copy numbers by over 44 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Mucuna and Desmodium increased FOS gene copy numbers by over 44%
- Treatment
- Legume presencee7
- Interactor
- FOSe7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- FOS gene copy numberse7
- Direction
- increasinge7
- Value
- over 44 %e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e7“Legume presence enhanced FOS proliferation, with Mucuna and Desmodium increasing FOS gene copy numbers by over 44 %”
Claim · model-written summary
p-Coumaric acid was among the most abundant phenolic acids in the rhizosphere, at 85–128 µg g −1
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e7“LC-MS analysis identified nine phenolic acids, with p -coumaric (85–128 µg g −1 ) and p -hydroxybenzoic (50–97 µg g −1 ) acid being most abundant; the latter positively correlated with FOS abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was among the most abundant phenolic acids, at 50–97 µg g −1
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e7“LC-MS analysis identified nine phenolic acids, with p -coumaric (85–128 µg g −1 ) and p -hydroxybenzoic (50–97 µg g −1 ) acid being most abundant; the latter positively correlated with FOS abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was positively correlated with FOS abundance
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e7“LC-MS analysis identified nine phenolic acids, with p -coumaric (85–128 µg g −1 ) and p -hydroxybenzoic (50–97 µg g −1 ) acid being most abundant; the latter positively correlated with FOS abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
LC-MS identified nine phenolic acids in the legume-derived samples
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e7“LC-MS analysis identified nine phenolic acids, with p -coumaric (85–128 µg g −1 ) and p -hydroxybenzoic (50–97 µg g −1 ) acid being most abundant; the latter positively correlated with FOS abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
Piperonylic acid was exclusively exuded from Mucuna pruriens roots
- Taxon
- Mucuna pruriens
.jpg?width=60)
Mucuna pruriense0 - Compound
- Piperonylic acide0
- Outcome
- exudede0
- Qualifier
- exclusivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Legume-derived phenolic acids”
e0“Piperonylic acid was exclusively exuded from Mucuna pruriens”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Striga hermonthica · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
intercropping · Striga hermonthica · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.