Abstract
Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity, while the abundance of brackish water highlights the opportunity for its effective and sustainable utilization. A 2-year field experiment (2022–2023) was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin to investigate the impacts of deficit irrigation with brackish water on soil moisture, salinity, temperature, crop growth index, yield, and water productivity. Six treatments were implemented, consisting of two irrigation levels (W1: 75%I, W2: 100%I) and three water quality gradients (S0: 0.7 g L−1, S1: 3.7 g L−1, S2: 5.7 g L−1 in 2022 and 7.7 g L−1 in 2023). Results indicated that brackish irrigation (except S0) increased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at higher levels, while decreased maize yield, and water productivity (WP). Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP. Path analysis of soil hydrothermal salinity and crop growth indicators demonstrated that soil salinity changes play a crucial role in determining maize plant height and yield. S0W2 (100% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) achieved the highest maize yield, with S0W1 yielding 5.15% less. However, the water productivity (WP) of S0W1 was 17.66% higher than that of S0W2. Therefore, considering the combined factors of maize yield, water productivity, and water-saving benefits, the use of S0W1 (75% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) is recommended.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish irrigation increased soil salinity.
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e1“Results indicated that brackish irrigation (except S0) increased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at higher levels, while decreased maize yield, and water productivity (WP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish irrigation kept soil water storage at higher levels.
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e1“Results indicated that brackish irrigation (except S0) increased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at higher levels, while decreased maize yield, and water productivity (WP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish irrigation decreased maize yield and water productivity (WP).
- Treatment
- brackish irrigation (except S0)e1
- Outcome
- maize yield, and water productivity (WP)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e1“Results indicated that brackish irrigation (except S0) increased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at higher levels, while decreased maize yield, and water productivity (WP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level.
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione2
- Outcome
- soil salinitye2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- full irrigation at the same salinity levele2
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e2“Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation kept soil water storage at lower levels than full irrigation.
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione2
- Outcome
- soil water storagee2
- Direction
- lower levelse2
- Comparator
- full irrigation at the same salinity levele2
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e2“Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased soil temperature.
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione2
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Comparator
- full irrigation at the same salinity levele2
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e2“Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation lowered maize yield compared with full irrigation.
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione2
- Outcome
- maize yielde2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- full irrigation at the same salinity levele2
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e2“Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation raised water productivity (WP) compared with full irrigation.
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione2
- Outcome
- WPe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- full irrigation at the same salinity levele2
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e2“Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil salinity changes play a crucial role in determining maize plant height and yield in path analysis.
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Path analysis of soil hydrothermal salinity and crop growth indicators demonstrated that soil salinity changes play a crucial role in determining maize plant height and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
S0W2 (100% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) gave the highest maize yield.
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e4“S0W2 (100% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) achieved the highest maize yield, with S0W1 yielding 5.15% less”
Claim · model-written summary
S0W1 yielded 5.15% less maize than S0W2.
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e4“S0W2 (100% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) achieved the highest maize yield, with S0W1 yielding 5.15% less”
Claim · model-written summary
S0W1 had 17.66% higher water productivity (WP) than S0W2.
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity”
e5“However, the water productivity (WP) of S0W1 was 17.66% higher than that of S0W2”
Claim · model-written summary
S0W1 (75% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) is recommended for maize considering yield, water productivity and water saving.
- Outcome
- use of S0W1 (75% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1)e6
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Therefore, considering the combined factors of maize yield, water productivity, and water-saving benefits, the use of S0W1 (75% irrigation, 0.7 g L−1) is recommended”
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