Abstract
Abstract The management of Meloidogyne spp. in tomato crops presents significant challenges for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluates the potential of Nesidiocoris tenuis , Macrolophus pygmaeus, and (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate—two zoophytophagous mirid species and one of the herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) they trigger—to induce systemic resistance against Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in tomato plants (cv. Bodar). To this end, we assess the expression of the PIN2 and PR1 genes, related to the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, respectively. Exposure of tomato plants to 15 nymphs of either N. tenuis or M. pygmaeus for 24 or 48 h, and to (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate for 24 h, before inoculation with 200 second-stage juveniles of the nematodes significantly reduced nematode infectivity and reproduction. Notably, PIN2 gene expression in leaves was upregulated nine- and 14-fold by N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus, respectively, zero days after nematode inoculation (DANI) and was repressed by the nematode seven DANI with a nine-fold decrease, but not when the plants were exposed to M. pygmaeus or N. tenuis , indicating a strong early defense response. However, PR1 expression levels showed no significant changes, suggesting a predominant role of the JA pathway over the SA pathway in the induced resistance. We conclude that induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by N. tenuis, M. pygmaeus, and (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate before nematode exposure is a promising strategy for nematode management, at least to suppress nematode infection by the primary inoculum and later reproduction.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to N. tenuis reduced nematode infectivity and reproduction.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- 15 nymphs of either N. tenuis or M. pygmaeus for 24 or 48 he0
- Outcome
- nematode infectivity and reproductione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of tomato plants to 15 nymphs of either N. tenuis or M. pygmaeus for 24 or 48 h, and to (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate for 24 h, before inoculation with 200 second-stage juveniles of the nematodes significantly reduced nematode infectivity and reproduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate reduced nematode infectivity and reproduction.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate for 24 he0
- Outcome
- nematode infectivity and reproductione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate for 24 h, before inoculation with 200 second-stage juveniles of the nematodes significantly reduced nematode infectivity and reproduction”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
N. tenuis upregulated leaf PIN2 expression nine-fold at zero days after nematode inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- N. tenuise0
- Interactor
- N. tenuis
Nesidiocoris tenuise0herbivore - Gene
- PIN2e0
- Outcome
- PIN2 gene expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- nine- and 14-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PIN2 gene expression in leaves was upregulated nine- and 14-fold by N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus, respectively, zero days after nematode inoculation (DANI)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
M. pygmaeus upregulated leaf PIN2 expression 14-fold at zero days after nematode inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- M. pygmaeuse0
- Interactor
- M. pygmaeus
Macrolophus pygmaeuse0herbivore - Gene
- PIN2e0
- Outcome
- PIN2 gene expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 14-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PIN2 gene expression in leaves was upregulated nine- and 14-fold by N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus, respectively, zero days after nematode inoculation (DANI)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode inoculation repressed PIN2 expression seven days later by nine-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematodee0
- Gene
- PIN2e1
- Outcome
- PIN2 gene expressione1
- Direction
- repressede0
- Value
- nine-fold decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was repressed by the nematode seven DANI with a nine-fold decrease”
e1“PIN2 gene expression in leaves”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Mirid exposure prevented the seven-day repression of PIN2 expression by nematodes.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- M. pygmaeus or N. tenuise0
- Gene
- PIN2e1
- Outcome
- PIN2 gene expressione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not when the plants were exposed to M. pygmaeus or N. tenuis”
e1“PIN2 gene expression in leaves was upregulated nine- and 14-fold by N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus, respectively, zero days after nematode inoculation (DANI) and was repressed by the nematode seven DANI with a nine-fold decrease”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
PR1 expression showed no significant changes.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- PR1e0
- Outcome
- PR1 expression levelse0
- Direction
- no significant changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR1 expression levels showed no significant changes”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose mirids and the volatile as a promising nematode management strategy.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- promising strategy for nematode managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by N. tenuis, M. pygmaeus, and (Z) -3-hexenyl propanoate before nematode exposure is a promising strategy for nematode management”
The same questions in other papers
Macrolophus pygmaeus · Nematoda · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Nesidiocoris tenuis · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.